Kines. Joint Anatomy and Phys.
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Obturator
- L2-4
- Neuron
- One Cell of the nervous system. CNS or PNS
- The only example is _____
- Teeth
- Synergists
- Muscles that assist the action of the agonist
- Fibrous Joints
- Fibrous tissue connect bone to bone
- CNS
- Brain, Spinal Cord, Brain Stem
- Velocity
- Displacement per unit time in a specific direction
- Proprioception
- Ability to know position of the body and detect movement with your eyes closed
- Health of this tissue relies on the diffusion of nutrients through ____
- Synovial Fluid
- Efferent Neuron
- Carries motor info to muscles or glands
- Symphysis is mostly designed for ________ but allows some movement
- Weightbearing
- Fibrocartilage
- Contains bundles of collagen fibers
- Sutures only allow a small amount of movement for ________ and ________
- Childbirth and Growth
- Superior Gluteal
- L4-S1
- Types of Synovial Joints
- Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and non axial
- Spinal Nerves
- C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, & Co1
- Fibrous Layer
- The layer that limits joint motion
- Compression
- A smashing force created by at least two pushes
- Resistance
- The weight being moved (can be a body part)
- Types of Uniaxial
- Hinge Joints(Flexion and Extension) and Pivot Joints(Rotation)
- Synovial Membrane
- The inner layer that produces the synovial fluid
- Vectors
- Arrown drawn on a force diagram to represent (Location, Magnitude, and Direction of Force)
- Joint Capsule
- Provides Stability to the joint and contains synovial fluid
- Syndemosis is also found between the _______ & ______
- Tibia, Fibula
- Hemiplegia
- Partial or complete loss of muscle function on one side of the body
- Type I
- Slow twitch, built for endurance, red fibers (dark meat goose breast)
- Paresis
- Muscle weakness or partial parlysis (see a lot in stroke victims)
- Nonaxial
- Relatively flat surfaces that allow linear motion only
- Synarthroses
- Fibrous and Cartilaginous Joints
- Titin
- Protein that connects Z line to Z line
- Mass
- The amount of matter contained in an object, measered in slugs or kilograms (Stays the Same)
- Brachial Plexus
- Formed from the ventral rami of the C5-T1
- Mechanical Advantage
- the ease with which the resistance can be moved. A longer lever arm of force means less force is needed to move the resistance. A longer lever arm of the resistance means more force is needed to move the resistance.
- Ulnar Nerve
- C7-T1 Medial Cord
- Axillary Nerve
- C5&6 Posterior Cord
- Passive Insufficiency
- Motion of a joint may be limited by the length of a 2 joint muscle because it is unable to sretch across both joints
- Gomphosis
- Bones fit together like a peg in a hole, secured by fibrous tissue
- Lever Systems
- To study how muscles move our body, we can simplify the problem by comparing it to a lever system
- Parts of ANS
- Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) and Parasympathetic (Feed and Breed)
- There is usually less than ______ of Synovial fluid, even in large joints
- 1/2 cc
- ANS
- Incorporates portions of the CNS and PNS
- Uniaxial
- Motion is allowed mostly in one plane, around one axis
- Nerve
- Bundle of axons from multiple neurons travelling together in the PNS
- Functions of Synovial Fluid
- Provides nutrients to articular cartilage and lubricates the joint (reduces friction)
- Diarthroses (Synovial Joints)
- Allow significantly more movement than synarthroses
- Examples of syndemosis are between the ______ & _____
- Radius, Ulna in the forearm
- Agonists
- The main muscle used to produce a movement
- Fixators
- Muscles that stabilize proximally to allow agonist to work effectively
- Muscle tone
- Resting tension
- The functions of Artricular Cartilage
- Reduce friction, absorb and distribute forces of compression
- Shearing
- Created by two opposing forces that are not in line with eachother
- Distraction
- Separation of tissues in the body created by tensile forces
- Saddle Joints
- Each joint surface is convex in one direction and concave in another direction
- Type II
- Fast twitch, can be trained to act like I or IIB, Red
- Muscle Fiber
- One muscle tissue cell
- Lever systems have the following components:
- Lever, Fulcrum, Force, and Resistance
- In adulthood there is ____ Movement allowed
- No
- Active Insufficiency
- Muscles are not able to generate as much force in a shortened or lengthened position. Most noticeable in 2joint muscles. Finger flexers and Hamstrings
- Functions of Synovial Fluid
- Provide nutrients to articular cartilage and lubes the joint
- Types of Triaxial
- Ball and Socket (hip and shoulder)
- The bones are connected by a _____ or ______ that allows some movement
- Ligament, Membrane
- Biaxial
- Motion occurs in 2 planes around 2 axes (2 degrees of freedom)
- Tetraplegia/Quadriplegia
- Paralysis of the trunk and lower extremities, some or all of upper extremities
- Median Nerve
- C6-T1 Lateral and Medial Cords
- Synovial Membrane
- Inner layer that produces the synovial fluid
- Inferior Gluteal
- L5-S2
- Friction
- A force that is parallel to a surface and resists movement. The force of static friction must be overcome before an object will move. The amount of friction depends on both the types of surfaces and how hard they are being pushed together. Smooth surfaces have lower friction than rough.
- Lateral Cord
- Anterior divisions of the supoerior and middle trunks
- Free Body Diagram
- Drawings that show the forces pklaced on objects or people. The force of gravity is always located at the COM for the object or person. The COM or COG for the average person in the anatomical position is just anterior to the S2. Changes when the body position changes
- Acceleration
- The change in velocity per unit time (ft/sec2 or m/s2)
- What do Bursae do?
- Reduce friction between moving tissues
- Motor Function of Cranial Nerves
- Facial expressions, blinking, eye movement, pupil dialation, tear and saliva production. Talking, swallowing and chewing
- PNS
- All of the nerves in the body
- Articular Cartilage
- Usually Hyaline Cartilage that is smooth, thin layer on the surface of the bones (Approx 1/2 cm thick)
- Functions of ANS
- Controls visceral function (Digestion, blood pressure, heartrate, respiratory rate, reproduction function, etc.)
- Fascicle
- Bundle of muscle fibers. There are several in one muscle
- Speed
- Displacement per unit time (ft/sec or m/s)
- Hinge Joints
- Allow mostly flexion and extension (fingers & elbows)
- Intrinsic Ligaments
- Form part of the joint capsule, or located inside the joint
- Intrinsic ligaments
- form part of the joint capsule, or located inside the joint (ACL)
- Dermatome
- The cutaneous(skin) area that sends sensory info to a specific spinal nerve/spinal cord level
- Types of Biaxial
- Condyloid (one joint surface is convex, and the other is concave) and Saddle (Each joint surface is convex in one direction and concave in another)
- There are no ___ or ___ in hyaline cartilage
- Nerves Blood Vessels
- Torque
- (F)(MA) A force that creates rotation movement. The moment arm is the perpendicular distance from the center of motion to the line of force. The muscles in our body create torque in order to flex or extend our joints
- Cartilaginous Joints Conection is
- Bone-Cartilage-Bone
- Joint Capsule
- Provides stability to the joint and contains the synovial fluid
- Musculotaneous Nerve
- C5-7 Lateral Cord
- Second Class Lever
- The force and resistance are on the same side of the fulcrum. The resistance is closer to the fulcrum.
- Bursae
- Sacs of synovial fluid that are located outside of the joint
- Cranial Nerves
- 12 Pairs that all originate in the brainstem except CN I
- Synovial Fluid
- Similar to blood plasma, with the addition of hyaluronic acid which make it viscous.
- Fibrocartilage are better able to withstand _______ and _______
- Shearing and Torosional Forces
- Triaxial
- Motion occurs in 3 planes around 3 axes (3 degrees of freedom)
- Fibrous Layer
- The layer that limits joint motion
- Type IIB
- Fast twitch, built for power, white (Chicken breast)
- Lumbosacral Plexus
- Formed from the ventral rami of the L1-S3
- Synovial Fluid
- Similar to blood plasma with the additon of hyaluronic acid which makes it viscous
- Force
- The pull of a muscle
- Synchondrosis
- Bones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only (Sternum and First Rib)
- Fulcrum
- The COM and location of the Axis of Motion (JOINT)
- Major Nerves of the Lumbosacral Plexus
- Obturator, Femoral, Superior Gluteal, Inferior Gluteal, and Sciatic Nerves
- Types of nonaxial
- Plane Joints (intercarpal)
- Myofibril
- A series of sarcomeres; several myofibril are contained witing one muscle fiber.
- Muscle Spindles
- Lie parallel to the muscle fibers
- Medial Cord
- Anterior division of the inferior trunk
- Third Class Lever
- The force and resistance are on the same side of the fulcrum. The force is closer to the fulcrum
- Atropy
- Loss of muscle mass due to lack of use or loss of innervation
- Torsion
- A twisting force, like wringing-out a washcloth
- Cords of Brachial Plexus
- Posterior Cord, Lateral Cord, and Medial Cord
- Radial Nerve
- C5-T1 Posterior cord
- Symphysis Connection is
- Bone-Hyaline-Fibrocartilage-Hyaline-Bone
- Antagonists
- Muscles that oppose the movement of the agonist
- Extrinsic Ligaments
- Outside the Joint Capsule (Twisted Ankle)
- They are named for the _____ above, except in the cervical spine
- Vertebrae
- Muscle fibers are oblique to the tendon
- Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate
- Sutures are only found in the ____
- Skull
- There is usually less than____ of synovial fluid, even in large joints
- 1/2 cc
- Types of Muscle Fibers
- Type I, Type II, Type IIB
- Paralysis
- Complete loss of muscle function
- First Class Lever
- The fulcrm is located beween the force and resistance
- Syndesmosis
- Greater distance between bones than other fibrous joints
- Tension/Traction
- Created by forces pulling in opposite direction
- Static Stability
- Provided by the same of the bones, ligaments, and Joint capsule
- Lever
- The bones are assumed to be rigid, while in reality they are not
- Sliding filament theory
- Theory of how mucles generate force
- Function of Bursae
- To reduce friction between moving tissues
- Interneuron
- Provides a route of communication with in the CNS
- Ligaments
- Fibrous tissue that connects bones to provide stability to joints
- There are __ cervical vertebrae, but ___ pairs of cervical spinal nerves
- 7, 8
- Sarcomere
- The smallest functional unit of muscle tissue
- Articular Cartilage (usually hyaline cartilage)
- Smooth, thin layer on the surface of the bones approximately 1/2 cm thick
- Dynamic Stability
- Provided by the muscles
- Biaxial
- Motion occurs in two planes around two axes (2 degrees of freedom)
- Force
- A push or pull applied to an object or person, measered in pounds or Newtons
- Normal Force
- The force perpendicular to a surface that prevents an object from falling through the surface
- Paraplegia
- Paralysis of all or some of the muscles in the trunk and lwer extremities
- Sutures
- Bone edges interlock or overlap each other and are connected by a ligament or membrane
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Glass-like cartilage designed for compression
- Trunks of Brachial Plexus
- Superior Trunk (C5&C6), Middle Trunk (C7), Inferior Trunk (C8&T1)
- Condyloid Joints
- One joint surface is convex and the other is concave
- Sesory Function of Cranial Nerves
- Control smell, vision, hearing, taste, touch and Pain (FACE) and proprioception for talking and swallowing
- Myosin Protein
- Thick filaments
- From z line to z line
- Sarcomeres
- Golgi Tendons
- Located in the tendon, both at hte muscle origin and insertion
- Terminal Branches of Brachial Plexus
- Axillary, Radial, Musculocutaneous, Ulnar, and Median Nerve
- Myotome
- The muscles innervated by a specific spinal nerve/spinal cord level
- Sciatic
- L4-S3 Splits at the knee into the common peroneal and tibial nerves
- Ligaments
- Fibrous tissue that connects bones to provide stability to joints
- Bursae
- Sacs of synovial fluid that are located outside of the joint
- Weight
- The force due to gravity exerted on a mass. Gravity = 9.8 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/sec2
- Triaxial
- Motion occurs in three planes around three axes (3 degrees of freedom)
- Movement at this joint in adulthood is ___ ______
- Not normal
- Femoral
- L2-4
- Uniaxial
- Motion is allowed in one plane around one axis
- Posterior Cord
- All posterior divisions
- Afferent Neuron
- Carries sensory info from PNS to CNS
- Extrinsic Ligaments
- Outside of the joint capsule
- Functions of Articular Cartilage
- Reducing Friction, and absorbing and distributing forces of compression
- Synovial Fluid needs to be circulated by
- Joint motion
- Pivot Joints
- Allow mostly rotation (Movement of radius during pronation and supination, at top of spine at C1 & C2 Atlantoaxial Joint)
- Muscle Fibers Parallel to the Tendon
- Strap, Fusiform, Rhomboidal, Triangular
- Actin Proteins
- Thin Filaments