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Terms
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- language
- a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules
- signals
- instinctive sounds or gesturs that have a natural or self evident meaning
- linguistics
- the modern scientific study of all aspects of language
- descriptiove lang
- the branch of ling that involves unraveling a lang by recording, describingm and analysing all of its features
- phonetics
- the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a lang.
- phonology
- the study of lang sounds
- phonemes
- the smallest units of sounds that make a difference in meanign in a lang
- morpholoy
- the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a lang.
- morphemes
- the smallest unit of sounds that carry a meaing in lang. they are distictfrom phonemes but have no meaning
- frame substitution
- a method used to identify the syntactic units of lang.
- syntax
- patterns or rules for hte formation of phrases and sentances in a lang.
- grammar
- entire formal structure of a lang,
- form classes
- the parts of speech or categories of words that work the same way in any sentance such as nouns, verbs, and adj.
- gesture
- facial expressions and bodily postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages.
- kinesics
- system of notating and analysing postures facial expressions and body motions that convey messages.
- proxemics
- cross cult. study of humankind perception and use of space
- paralanguage
- voice effects that accompany lang. and convey meaning. ie giggling, groaning, signing pitch and tempo
- voice qualitities
- speakers boice with pitch , artic. tempo and resoinance
- vocalizations
- noises that we make vocal excersizes
- vocal character
- laughing, crying, yawning
- vocal qualifiers
- modify urrances in terms of intensity. volume pitch , tempo
- vocal segregates
- respemble the sound of lang but dont appear in sequence.
- tonal lang
- lang in which sound pitch of a spoken work is an essential part of its pronounciation
- historical ling.
- branch of ling. that studies histories and relatioships among lang both living and dead.
- lang family
- group of lang descended from a single ancestral lang
- linguistic divergence
- the development of different lang frmo a sings ancestral lang.
- glottochromolyo
- method for identifying the approx. time that lang. branched off from a commmon ancestor . based on analy. core vocab!
- core vocab.
- the most basic and long lasting words in any lang.
- pidgin
- two lang. combign into one mother lang
- creole
- a lang that has beocme the motehr tongue of society
- linguistics nationalism
- attempt by ethnic minorities and even contries to proclaim indep. by purging their lang of foreign terms.
- ethnolingustiics
- a branch of ling. that studies the relationship be lang and culture
- ling. relativity
- the proposition that lang plaus a fundamental role in shaping hte way members of a society think and behave
- gendered speech
- distinct male nad female syntax exhibited in various lang. around the world
- dialects
- varying forms of a lang that reflect partic. regions, occupations, or social classes nad that are similar enough to be mutauly intelligible.
- code switching
- the process of changintg from one lang or dialect to antoher.
- displacement
- the ability to refer to things and events removed in time in space
- writing system
- a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of lang in a systematic way.
- alphabet
- series of sumbols represeting the soudns of a lang. arranged in a trad. order.
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- ch5
- self awareness
- ability to identify onesself as an individual, to reflect on oneself and to evaluate onesself.
- naming ceremony-
- a special event or ritual to mark the naming of a child.
- personality
- the distinctive way a person thinks, feels and behaves
- dependance traingin
- child rearing prac. that foster compliance in the performace of assigned tasks and dependance on the deomestic group rahter then reliance on oneself.
- indep. training
- child rearing prac. that promote indep, self reliace, and personal achiement on the part of the child.
- modal personality
- the body of character trais that occur with the hiest frequency in a cultually bounded popuilarity
- core values
- these values especially promoted by a partic. culture.
- intersexuals
- peopkle born with sex organ for not exclusivly male or female
- transgenders
- ppl who change their sexes.
- ethic psychoses
- mental disorders sopecific to partic. ethnic groups
- ethnic psychoses
- mental disorders specific to partic ethnic groups.
- cultural adaptation
- a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive.
- horiculture
- the cultivation of crops with simple hand tools such as digging sticks of hoes
- ecosystem
- a system or a fuctioning whole cimposed of both hteh natural exvironment and all the organizsms living within it.
- cultual ecology
- the dynamic interaction of specific cultures with their environments
- progress
- the ethnocentric notion that humans are moving foward to a higher more advanced stage in their development toward perfection
- convergent evolution
- in cultural evolution, the development of similar cutlural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures.
- parallel evolution
- in cultural evolution the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike
- culture area
- a geographic region in which a number of societies sollow similar patterns of life.
- culture types
- concerns a particular technolgy and its relationship with environmental features
- cultural core
- cutlural features that are fundamental in the societies way of making its living- including food producing techniques, knoledge of available resources, and work arrangments involved in applying those techniques to the local environment
- food foraging
- hunting, fishingm gathering wild plant foods.
- carrying capacity
- the number of ppl that the availble resources can support at a given level of food gathering techniques
- density of social relations
- the number and intensity of interactuions among the members of a camp
- neolithic revolution
- hte profound culture change associated with the early domestication of plans and animals
- swidden farming
- slash and burn technique. an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned and crops then planted among hte ashes
- intensive agriculture
- crop cultivation using technologies other then hand tools such as irrigationm, fertilizers and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals
- pastorialism
- breeding adn managing of herds of domesticated grazing animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, llanas, or camels
- transshumance
- among pastoralists the grazing of animals in low steppe lands in the winter and then moving to high pastures on the plateaus in the summer.
- preindustrialcities
- the kinds of urban settlements that are cheractoeristic of nonindustrial civilizations