Psychology Ch.11 Vocab
Terms
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- An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
- personality
- A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
- personality theory
- Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality and development.
- psychoanalysis
- A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind.
- free association
- Latin for "the it," in Freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle.
- id
- in Freud's theory, the self-preservation or life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species.
- Eros
- In Freud's theory, the psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive.
- libido
- In Freud's theory, the death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions.
- Thanatos
- In Freud's theory, the motive to obtain pleasure, and avoid tension or discomfort; tha most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id.
- pleasure principle
- Latin for "I," in Freud's theory, the partly conscious ratiional component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.
- ego
- In Freud's theory, that capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist.
- reality principle
- In Freud's theory, the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules.
- superego
- In psychoanalytic theory, largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety.
- ego defense mechanisms
- In psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism.
- repression
- In psychoanalytic theory, the ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous.
- displacement
- In psychoanalytic thoery, an ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nosexual activities; and form of displacement.
- sublimation
- In Freud's theory, age-related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through activities associatied with those areas.
- psychosexual stages
- In Freud's theory, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent.
- Oedipus complex
- In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the bahavior and characteristics of another person.
- identification
- The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.
- humanistic psychology
- In Roger's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.
- actualizing tendency
- The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself.
- self-concept
- In Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others.
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conditional positive regard
or
conditional love or acceptance - In Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don't conform to the standards and expectations of others.
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unconditional positive regard
or
unconditional love or acceptance - Albert Bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.
- social cognitive theory
- A model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
- reciprocal determinism
- The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or doubt.
- self-efficacy
- A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way.
- trait
- A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.
- trait theory
- Personaltiy characteristices or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior.
- surface traits
- The most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number.
- source traits
- A trait theory of personality that identifies five basic source traits (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) as the fundamental building blocks of personality.
- five-factor model of personality
- An interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity in behavior.
- behavioral genetics
- A test that assesses a person's abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality, on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior.
- psychological test
- A type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image; used to asess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.
- projective tests
- A projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921.
- Rorschach inkblot test
- A psuedoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupational attributes based on a person's distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing style.
- graphology
- A projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes.
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- A type of psychological test in which a person's responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms.
- self-report inventory
- A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations.
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics in normal populations.
- California Personality Inventory (CPI)
- A self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personaltiy profile with rating on 16 trait dimensions.
- Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
- The aspect of the self-concept that includes images of the selves that you hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.
- possible selves