Psychology (Ch. 7 and 9)
Terms
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- General life satisfaction combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions.
- Subjective well-being
- Emotional competence, including empathy, self-control, self-awareness, and other skills.
- Emotional intelligence
- Evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation.
- Emotional appraisal
- The mental process of assigning causes to events. In emotion, the process of attributing arousal to a particular source.
- Attribution
- States that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels.
- Facial feedback hypothesis
- States that activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously.
- Cannon-Bard theory
- States that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues.
- Schachter's cognitive theory
- Study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions; commonly called body language.
- Kinesics
- States that emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal.
- James-Lange theory
- A device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response; commonly called a "lie detector."
- Polygraph
- In a polygraph exam, questions that almost always provoke anxiety.
- Control questions
- Excess activity in the parasympathetic nervous system following a period of intense emotion.
- Parasympathetic rebound
- The system of nerves that connects the brain with the internal organs and glands.
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- A part of the ANS that activates the body at times of stress.
- Sympathetic branch
- A part of the autonomic system that quiets the body and conserves energy.
- Parasympathetic branch
- Actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions.
- Adaptive behaviors
- Alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses.
- Physiological changes (in emotion)
- Outward signs that an emotion is occurring.
- Emotional expression
- The private, subjective experience of having an emotion.
- Emotional feelings
- According to Robert Plutchik's theory, the most basic emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.
- Primary emotions
- A state characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings.
- Emotion
- Motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity.
- Intrinsic motivation
- Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors.
- Extrinsic motivation
- The first four levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy; lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.
- Basic needs
- In Maslow's hierarchy, the higher level needs associated with self-actualization.
- Growth needs
- In Maslow's hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.
- Meta-needs
- Abraham Maslow's ordering of needs, based on their presumed strength or potency.
- Hirarchy of human needs
- The desire to have social impact and control over others.
- Need for power
- Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture.
- Social motives
- The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence.
- Need for achievement
- Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day.
- Circadian rhythms
- A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance.
- Yerkes-Dodson law
- Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal.
- Arousal theory
- The first phase of sexual response, indicated by initial signs of sexual arousal.
- Excitement phase
- The second phase of sexual response during which physical arousal is further heightened.
- Plateau phase
- A climax and release of sexual excitement.
- Orgasm
- The fourth phase of sexual response, involving a return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal.
- Resolution
- One's degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes.
- Sexual orientation
- Any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone.
- Androgen
- Areas of the body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desire.
- Erogenous zones
- An unspoken mental plan that defines a "plot," dialogue, and actions expected to take place in a sexual encounter.
- Sexual script
- Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell.
- Intracellular thirst
- A drive that occurs in distinct episodes.
- Episodic drive
- The strength of one's motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
- Sex drive
- Changes in sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating; particularly used to refer to females in heat.
- Estrus
- Any of a number of female sex horomones.
- Estrogen
- Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells.
- Extracellular thirst
- Active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins.
- Anorexia nervosa
- Excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives.
- Bulmia nervosa
- Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits rather than temporary self-starvation.
- Behavioral dieting
- An active dislike for a particular food.
- Taste aversion
- The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating.
- Set point
- A small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motiavtion and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.
- Hypothalamus
- A steady state of bodily equilibrium.
- Homeostasis
- The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need.
- Incentive value
- Innate motives based on biological needs.
- Primary motives
- Innate needs for stimulation and information.
- Stimulus motives
- Motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals.
- Secondary motives
- Internal processes that initiate, sustain, and direct activities.
- Motivation
- An internal deficiency that may energize behavior.
- Need
- The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals. For example, hunger, thirst, or a drive for success.
- Drive
- Any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior.
- Response
- The target or objective of motivated behavior.
- Goal