Com Chpt 6 & 7
Terms
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- symbols
- word, sound, or visual device that represents an image, sound, concept, or experience
- referent
- thing that a symbol represents
- thought
- mental process of creating an image, sound, concept, or experience triggered by a referent or symbol
- symbolic interaction theory
- theory that members of a society are bound together through common use of symbols
- denotative meaning
- restrictive or literal meaning of a word
- connotative meaning
- personal and subjective meaning of a word
- linguistic determinism
- theory that describes how use of language determines or influences thoughts and perceptions
- linguistic relativity
- the theory that each language incldes some unique features that are not found in other languages
- sapir-whorf hypothesis
- based on the principles of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language shapes our thoughts and culture, and our culture and thoughts affect the language we use to describe the world
- world view
- culturally acquired perspective for interpreting experiences
- bypassing
- confusion caused by the same words' meaning differnt things to different people
- malapropism
- confusion of one word or phrase that sounds similar to it (construction and instruction)
- restricted code
- a set of words that have particular meaning to a person, group, or culture
- jargon
- another name for restriced code: specialized terms or abbreviations whose meanings are known only to members of a specific group
- allness
- tendency to use language to make unqualified, often untrue generalizations
- indexing
- avoiding generalizations by using statements that seperate one situation, person, or example from another
- static evaluation
- a pronouncement that does not take the possibility of change into consideration
- polarization
- describing and evaluating what you observe in terms of extremes such as good or bad, old or new, beautiful or ugly
- word picture
- short statement or shotry that illustrates or describes an emotion; word pictures often use a similie to clarify the image
- elaborated code
- conversation that uses many words and various ways of describing an idea or concept to communicate its meaning
- assertive
- able to pursue one's own best interest without denying a partner's rights
- aggressive
- expressing one's interests while denying the rights of others by blaming, judging, and evaluating other people
- nonverbal communication
- behavior other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone
- interaction adaptation theory
- theory suggesting that people interact with others by adapting to what others are doing
- interactional synchrony
- the mirroring of each other's nonverbal behavior by communication partners
- kinesics
- study of human movement and gesture
- emblems
- nonverbal cues that have specific, generally understood meanings in a given culture and may substitue for a word or phrase
- illustrators
- nonverbal behaviors that accompany a verbal message and either contradict, accent, or complement it
- affect display
- nonverbal behavior that communicates emotions
- regulators
- nonverbal messages that help to control the interaction or flow of communication between people
- adaptors
- nonverbal behaviors that satisfy a personal need and help a person adapt or respond to the immediate situation
- backchannel cues
- nonverbal cues, typically vocal cues, that signal your wish to being or end a conversation
- proxemics
- study of how close or far away from people and objects people position themselves
- intimiate space
- zone of personal space most often used for very personal or intimate interactions, ranging from 0 to 1&1/2 feet from the individual
- personal space
- zone of personal space most often used for conversation, ranging from 1&1/2 feet to 4 from the individual
- social space
- zone of personal space most often used for group interactions, ranging from 4 to 12 feet from the individual
- public space
- zone of interactions most often used by public speakers or anyone speaking to many people, ranging beyone 12 feet from the individual
- territoriality
- sutyd of how animals and humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy or ownership of space
- immediacy
- feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness communicated by such nonverbal cues as eye contact, forward lean, touch, and open body orientation
- arousal
- feelings of interest and excitement communicated by such nonverbal cues as vocal expression, facial expressions, and gestures
- dominacnce
- power, status, and control communicated by such nonverbal cues as a relaxed posture, greater personal space, and protected personal space
- expectancy violation theory
- theory that you interpret the messages of others based on how you expect others to behave
- perception checking
- asking someone whether your interpertation of his or her nonverbal behavior is accurate
- emotional contagion theory
- theory that emotional expression is contagious; people can 'catch' emotions just by observing each other's emotional expressions