Medical Terminology Ch13
Terms
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- albumin/o
- protein
- bacteri/o
- bacteria
-
cyst/o
vesic/o - bladder or sac
- dips/o
- thirst
- glomerul/o
- glomerulus (little ball)
-
gluc/o
glyc/o - sugar
-
ket/o
keton/o - ketone bodies
- lith/o
- stone
- meat/o
- opening
-
nephr/o
ren/o - kidney
- pyel/o
- basin
- py/o
- pus
- urter/o
- ureter
- urethr/o
- urethra
-
ur/o
urin/o - urine
- kidneys
- two structues located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
- cortex
- outer part of the kidney (cortex=bark)
- hilum
- indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
- medulla
- inner part of the kidney
- calices (calyces)
-
ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
(kalyx=cup of a flower) - nephron
- microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine
- glomerulus
- little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
- Bowman's Capsule
- the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
- renal tubule
- the stem portion of the nephron
- ureter
- the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
- renal pelvis
- the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney
- ureteropelvic junction
- point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter
- urinary bladder
- sac that holds the urine
- urethra
- single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
- urethral meatus
- opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
- urine
- fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste product
- urea
- waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
- creatinine
- waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
-
albuminuria
proteinuria - presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
- anuria
- absence of urine formation
- anuresis
- inability to pass urine
- bacteriuria
- presence of bacteria in the urine
- dysuria
- painful urination
- enuresis
- involuntary discharge of urine, usually referrinf to a lack of bladder control
- nocturnal enuresis
- bedwetting during sleep
- hematuria
- presence of blood in the urine
- incontinence
- involuntary discharge of urine or feces
- urinary stress incontinence
- involuntary discharge of urine when coughing, sneezing or strained exercise
- ketonuria
- presence of ketone bodies in the urine
-
ketone bodies
ketone compounds - acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetonacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
- nocturia
- urination at night
- oliguria
- scanty production of urine
- pyuria
- presence of white cells in urine, usually indicating infection
- urinary retention
- retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction
- glomerulonephritis
- form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
- hydronephrosis
- pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine
- nephritis
- inflammation of the kidney
- pyelonephritis
- inflammation of the renal pelvis
- nephrosis
- degenerative disease of the renal tubules
- nephrolithiasis
- presence of a renal stone or stones
- cystitis
- inflammation of the bladder
- urethritis
- inflammation of the urethra
- urethral stenosis
- narrowed condition of the urethra
- urinary tract infection (UTI)
- invasion of pathogenic organisms int he urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency and malaise
-
uremia
azotemia - excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
- cystoscopy
- examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
-
kidney biopsy (Bx)
renal biopsy - removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
- radiography
- x-ray studies commonly used in urology
-
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
intravenous urogram - x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream
- kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
- abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP
- scout film
- plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious patholog before further imaging (e.g. KUB before an IVP)
-
renal angiogram
arteriogram - x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
- retrograde pyelogram (RP)
- x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast medium is administered backward through a small catheter through a cytoscope to detect the presence of stones, obstruction and so on.
- voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU or VCGU)
- x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination
- abdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder.
- urinalysis (UA)
- physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
- specific gravity
- measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
- pH
- measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
- glucose (sugar)
- chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine, used most often to screen for diabetes
- albumin (alb)
- chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
- ketones
- chemical test used to detect presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicated fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontroled diabetic state
- occult blood, urine
- chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)
- bilirubin
- chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
- urobilirubin
- chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine - increased amounts seen in gallblader and liver disease
- nitrite
- chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
- microscopic findings
- microscopic indentification of abnormal constituents present in the urine (e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, casts) reported per high or low power field (hpf or lpf)
- urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
- isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the gowth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with the drugs to which they are sensitive
- blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea
- creatinine, serum
- test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in addessing kidney function
- creatinine, urine
- test to determine the level of creatine in the urine
- creatinine clearance testing
- measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is "cleared" from the blood and kidneys
- urologic endoscopic surgery
- use of specialized endoscopes (e.g. resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrival, palcement of a stent, and so on
- resectoscope
- urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of bladder, urethra, or prostate
- intracorporeal lithotripsy
- method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitter to a probe within a flexable endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
- nephrotomy
- incision into the kidney
- nephrorrhaphy
- suture of an injured kidney
- nephrolithotomy
- incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
- nephrectomy
- excision of a kidney
- pyeloplasty
- surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
- stent placement
- use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (e.g., an obstructed ureter)
-
kidney transplantation
renal transplantation - transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another
- urinary diversion
- creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer
- noncontinent ileal conduit
- removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen - urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag)
- continent urostomy
- an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine which diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall - a value is created internally to prevent leakage and patient empties the pouch by catheterization
- orthotopic bladder neobladder
- bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra allowing "natural" voiding
- extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
- procedure using ulrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
- kidney dialysis
- methods of filtering inpurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure
- hemodialysis
- method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialzed filter of the artifical kidney machine (hemodialyzer)
- peritoneal dialysis
- method of removing impurities using the peritonuem as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles
- analgesic
- drug that relives pain
- antibiotic
- drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
- antispasmodic
- drug that relieves spasm
- diuretic
- drug that increses the secretion of urine