Medical Terminology Ch12
Terms
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abdomin/o
celi/o
lapar/o - abdomen
- an/o
- anus
- appendic/o
- appendix
-
bil/i
chol/e - bile
- bucc/o
- cheek
- cheil/o
- lip
-
col/o
colon/o - colon
- cyst/o
- bladder or sac
- dent/i
- teeth
- doch/o
- duct
- duoden/o
- duodenum
- enter/o
- small intestine
- esophag/o
- esophagus
- gastr/o
- stomach
- gingiv/o
- gum
-
gloss/o
lingu/o - tongue
-
hepat/o
hepatic/o - liver
- herni/o
- hernia
- ile/o
- ileum
- inguin/o
- groin
- jejun/o
- jejunum (empty)
- lith/o
- stone
-
or/o
stomat/o - mouth
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- peritone/o
- peritoneum
- phag/o
- eat or swallow
- proct/o
- anus and rectum
- pylor/o
- pylorus (gatekeeper)
- rect/o
- rectum
- sial/o
- saliva
- sigmoid/o
- sigmoid colon (resembles s)
- steat/o
- fat
- -emesis
- vomiting
-
oral cavity
mouth - cavity that receives food for digestion
- salivary glands
- three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands
- cheeks
- lateral walls of the mouth
- lips
- fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
- palate
- structure that forms the roof of the mouth, divided into the hard and soft palate
- uvula
- small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
- tongue
- muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and held down by a bandlike membrane know as the frenulum
- gums
- tissue covering the process of the jaws
- teeth
- hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating food
- pharynx
- throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and air traveling to the larynx
- esophagus
- muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
- stomach
- saclike organ that chemicaly mixes and prepares food recived from the esophagus
- cardiac sphincter
- opening from the esophagus to the stomach (sphincter=band)
- pyloric sphincter
- opening from the stomach to the duodenum
- small intestine
- tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
- duodenum
- first portion of the small intestine
- jejunum
- second portion of the small intestine
- ileum
- thrid portion of the small intestine
- large intestine
- larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
- cecum
- first part of the large intestine
- vermiform appendix
- wormlike projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help resist infection
- colon
- portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum, identified by direction or shape
- ascending colon
- portion of colon that extends upward from the cecum
- transverse colon
- portion of colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
- descending colon
- portion of colon that extends down from the transverse colon
- sigmoid colon
- portion of colon (resembling an "S") that terminates at the rectum
- rectum
- distal (end) portion of the large intestine
- rectal ampulla
- dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
- anus
- opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
- feces
- waste formed by absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
- defecation
- evacuation of feces from the rectum
- peritoneum
- membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity, consisting of the parietal layer (lining th abdominal wall) and visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
- peritoneal cavity
- space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
- omentum
- an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
- liver
- organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
- gallbladder
- receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver
- pancreas
- gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, when it mixes with bile to digest food
- biliary ducts
- ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts.
- hypochondriac regions
- upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
- epigastric region
- upper middle region below the sternum
- lumbar regions
- middle lateral regions
- umbilical region
- region of the navel
- inguinal regions
- lower lateral groin regions
- hypogastric region
- region below the navel
- anorexia
- loss of appetite
- aphagia
- inability to swallow
- ascites
- accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
- buccal
- in the cheek
- diarrhea
- frequent loose or liquid stools
- constipation
- infrequent or incomplete bowel movements, characterized by hardened dry stool that is difficult to pass
- dyspepsia
- indigestion
- dysphagia
- difficulty swallowing
- eructation
- belch
- flatulence
- gas in the stomach or intestines
- halitosis
- bad breath
- hematochezia
- red blood in stool
- hematemesis
- vomiting blood
- hepatomegaly
- enlargement of the liver
- hyperbilirubinemia
- excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
-
icterus
jaundice - yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice = yellow)
- melena
- dark colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
- nausea
- feeling of sick in the stomach
- steatorrhea
- feces containing fat
-
sublingual
hypoglossal - under the tongue
- stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth
- sialoadenitis
- inflammation of a salivary gland
-
parotiditis
parotitis - inflammation of the parotid gland, also called mumps
- cheilitis
- inflammation of the lip
- glossitis
- inflammation of the tongue
- ankyloglossia
- defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum
- gingivitis
- inflammation of the gums
- esophageal varices
- swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrage
- esophagitis
- inflammation of the esophagus
- gastritis
- inflammation of the stomach
- gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
- pyloric stenosis
- narrowed condition of the pylorus
- peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
- sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicbacter pylori bacteria
- gastric ulcer
- ulcer located in the stomach
- duodenal ulcer
- ulcer located in the duodenum
- gastroenteritis
- inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
- enteritis
- inflammation of the small intestine
- ileitis
- inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
- colitis
- inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
- ulcerative colitis
- chronic inflammation of the colon along with ulcerations
- diverticulum
- abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract usually related to lack of dietary fiber
- diverticulosis
- presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the bowel
- diverticulitis
- inflammation of diverticula
- dysentery
- inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools, most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (e.g. amebic dysentery)
- appendicitis
- inflammation of the appendix
- hernia
- protrustion of a part from its normal location
- hiatal hernia
- protrusion of part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
- inguinal hernia
- protrusion of a loop of the intestive through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
- incarcerated hernia
- hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
- strangulated hernia
- hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likley to become gangrenous
- umbilical hernia
- protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
- intussusception
- prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus=within;suscipiens=to take up)
- volvulus
- twisting of the bowel on itself; causing obstruction (volvo = to roll)
- polyposis
- mulitple polyps in the intestine and rectum with a high potential for becoming malignant
- polyp
- tumor on a stalk
- proctitis
- inflammation of the rectum and anus
- anal fistula
- abnormal tubelike passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe)
- hemorrhoid
- swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois = a vein likley to bleed)
- peritonitis
- inflammation of the peritoneum
- hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver
- hapatitis A
- infectious inflammation of the liver caused by the hapatitis A virus (HAV) transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food and water
- hapatitis B
- inflammation of the liver caused by the hapatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminatied blood or body fluids
- hapatitis C
- inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmitted by exposure to infected blood (rarely sexually)
- cirrhosis
- chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho=yellow)
- cholangitis
- inflammation of the bile ducts
- cholecystitis
- inflammation of the gallbladder
- cholelithiasis
- presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
- choledocholithiasis
- presence of stones in the common bile duct
- pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
- biopsy (Bx)
- removal and microscopic study of tissue
- incisional Bx
- removal of a portion of a lesion for pathologic examination
- excisional Bx
- removal of an entire lesion for pathologic examination
- endoscopy
- use of a flexable camera for interal examination
- gastroscopy
- examination of the esophagus with an endoscope
- upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy
- examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexable exdoscope; also called esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or panendoscopy
- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
- endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas (biliary ducts)
- laparoscopy
- examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope, often including interventional surgical procedures
- peritoneoscopy
- examination of the peritoneal cavity with a peritoneoscope, often performed to examine the liver and obtain a biopsy specimen
- colonoscopy
- examination of the colon using a flexible colonscope
- sigmoidosopy
- examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidscope
- proctoscopy
- examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- nonionizing imageing technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identity disease or deformity in the gastrointestinal tract
- radiography
- x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract
- upper GI series
- x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium (barium)
- barium swallow
- x-ray of the esophagus only, often used to located swallowed objects
- fluoroscopy
- x-ray using a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (such as during a barium swallow)
- small bowel series
- x-ray examination of the small intestine, generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
- lower GI series barium enema
- x-ray of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
- computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen
- cross-sectional x-rays of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the gastrointestinal tract
- cholangiogram
- x-ray of the bile ducts, often performed during surgery
- cholecystogram
- x-ray of the gallbladder taken after oral ingestion of iodine
- sonography
- ultrasound imaging
- abdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and cascular structures (e.g. liver, pancreas, etc)
- endoscopic sonography
- an endoscopic procedure using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to examine a body cavity and make sonographic images of structures and tissues
- stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)
- isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease causing organisms; if organisma are persent, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
- stool occult blood study
- chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive finding indicate bleeding in the GI tract
- cheiloplasty
- repair of the lip
- glossectomy
- excision of the tongue
- glossorrhaphy
- suture of the tongue
- esophagoplasty
- repair of the esophagus
- gastrectomy
- partial or complete removal of the stomach
- gastric resection
- partial removal and repair of the stomach
- gastroenterostomy
- formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of a gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine.
-
abdominocentesis
paracentesis - puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid (e.g. fluid accumulated in ascites)
- laparotomy
- incision into the abdomen
- laparoscopic surgery
- abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
- herniorrhaphy
-
repair of a hernia
(hernioplasty) - colostomy
- creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion og the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, caner, or obstructions
- anastomosis
- union of two hollow vessels, a technique of bowel surgery
- ileostomy
- surgical creation of an opening of the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges, performed after removal of the colon such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis
- appendectomy
- excision of a diseased appendix
- incidental appendectomy
- removal of the appendix during abdominal surgery for another procedure
- polypectomy
- excision of polyps
- proctoplasty
- repair of the anus and rectum
- anal fistulectomy
- excision of hemorrhoids
- hepatic lobectomy
- excision of a lobe of the liver
- cholecystectomy
- excision of the gallbladder
- laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
- cholelithotomy
- incision for removal of gallstones
- choledocholithotomy
- incision of the common bile duct for extraction of gallstones
- pancreatectomy
- excision of the pancreas
- gastic lavage
- oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or monitor bleeding (lavage=to wash)
- nasogastric (NG) intubation
- insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain gastic fluid specimen for analysis
- antacid
- drug that nutralizes stomach acid
- antiemetic
- drug that prevents or stops vomiting
- antispasmodic
- drug that decreases mobility in gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
- cathartic
- drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative