ha exam 4
Terms
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- cranial nerve I
-
olfactory (sensory)
smell - cranial nerve II
-
optic (sensory)
vision - cranial nerve III
-
oculomotor (mixed)
motor-most EOM movement, raise eyelids
parasympathetic-pupil constriction, lens shape - cranial nerve IV
-
trochlear (motor)
down and inward movement of eye - cranial nerve V
-
trigeminal (mixed)
motor-muscle of mastication
sensory-sensation of face and scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth and nose - cranial nerve VI
-
abducens (motor)
lateral movement of eye - cranial nerve VII
-
facial (mixed)
motor-facial muscles, close eye, labial speech
sensory-taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter) on anterior 2/3 of tongue
parasympathetic-saliva and tear secretion - cranial nerve VIII
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acoustic (sensory)
hearing and equillibrium - cranial nerve IX
-
glossopharyngeal (mixed)
motor-pharynx (phonation and swallowing)
sensory-taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx (gag reflex)
parasympathetic-parotid gland, carotid reflex - cranial nerve X
-
vagus (mixed)
motor-pharynx and larynx (talking and swallowing)
sensory-general sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera
parasympathetic-carotid reflex - cranial nerve XI
-
spinal (motor)
movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscles - cranial nerve XII
-
hypoglossal (motor)
movement of tongue - nervous system can be divided into 2 parts
- central and peripheral
- part of nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
- central nervous system
- part of nervous system that includes to 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and all their branches
- peripheral nervous system
- # pairs of cranial nerves
- 12
- # pairs of spinal nerves
- 31
- CNS that carries sensory messages to the CNS from sensory receptors, motor messages from CNS out to muscles and glands, as well as autonomic messages that govern the internal organs and blood vessels
- peripheral nervous system
- cerebrum's outer layer of nerve cell bodies, which looks like "gray matter" because it lacks myelin
- cerebral cortex
- center for humans' highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement
- cerebral cortex
- left and right half of cerebrum
- hemisphere
- hemisphere dominant in most (95%) people, including thoses who are left-handed
- left hemisphere
- 4 lobes of hemisphere
-
frontal
parietal
temporal
occupital - lobe controls personality, behavior, emotion and intellectual functions
- frontal lobe
- controls motor and speech
- broca's area
- controls hearing, taste and smell
- temporal lobe
- lobe controls sensation
- parietal lobe
- controls motor coordination, equilibrium and balance
- cerebellum
- controls speech comprehension
- wernicke's area
- primary motor area of brain
- precentral gyrus
- bands of gray matter buried deep within the 2 cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical associated motor system (the extrapyramidal system); conttol automated associated movements of the body, e.g., the arm swin alternating w/ the legs during walkin
- basal ganglia
- main relay station for nervous system
- thalamus
- sites of contact between 2 neurons
- synapses
- major control enter w/ many vital functions: tem, hr, bp control, sleep center, anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulator and coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and emotional status
- hypothalamus
- like a "black box" in that it adjusts and corrects voluntary movements, but operates entirely below conscious level
- cerebellum
- central core of brain consisting of mostly nerve fibers
- brain stem
- parts of brain stem
-
midbrain
pons
medulla - most anterior part of brain stem that still has basic tubular structure of spinal cord; merges into thalamus and hypothalamus; contains many motor neurons and tracts
- midbrain
- enlarged area containing ascending and descending fiber tracts
- pons
- continuation of spinal cord in brain that contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts connecting brain and spinal cord; has vital autonomic center (respiration, heart, GI function), as well asnuclei for cranial nerves VIII through XIII
- medulla
- long cylindrical structure about as big around as the little finger that occupies the upper 2/3 of vertebral canal; main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect brain to spinal nerves, and it mediates reflexes; its nerve cell bodie
- spinal cord
- term used to described how the left cerebral cortex receives sensory info from and controls motor function to right side of body and vice versa
- crossed representation
- tract that contains sensory fibers that transmit sensations of pain, temperature and crude (or light) touch
- spinothalamic tract
- fibers carrying pain and temp sensations ascend which side of spinothalamic tract
- lateral
- fibers of crude touch form which side of spinothalamic tract
- anterior
- fibers that conduct the sensations of position, vibration and finely localized touch
- (proprioception) posterior (dorsal) columns
- w/o looking, you know where your body parts are in space and in relation to each other
- position
- feeling vibrating objects
- vibration
- w/o looking, you can identify familiar objects by touch
- (stereognosis) finely localized touch
- pain originating in these organs is referred, because no felt image exists in which to have pain; pain is felt "by proxy" by another body part that does have a felt image
-
heart
liver
spleen - neurons that are a complex of all descending motor fibers that can influence or modify the lower motor neurons
- upper motor neurons
- neurons located mostly in the PNS
- lower motor neurons
- bundle of fibers outside CNS
- nerve
- 4 types of reflexes
-
deep tendon reflexes
superficial
visceral
pathologic - help body maintain balance and appropriate muscle tone
- reflexes
- myotatic reflex includes patellar or knee jerk
- deep tendon reflexes
- corneal reflex and abdominal reflex
- superficial
- organic reflex including pupillary response to light and accommodation
- visceral
- abnormal include Babinski's or extensor plantar reflex
- pathologic