TAMS, Dr. Burleson, Biology, Ch. 15
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- Where are proteins in the cell made? How was this proved?
- At ribosomes. Cells were placed in a solution of radioactive amino acids. The amino acids first appeared at the ribosomes.
- What are the three sites of the ribosome? How many parts is a ribosome divided into?
- The A, P, and E sites. Two.
- What are ribosomes made of? What does each substance do?
- Proteins (stability) and RNA (actual function)
- What are the different types of RNA? What do they do?
- rRNA (site of protein assembly), tRNA (take amino acids to ribosome), mRNA (copied from DNA to code for protein)
- What is transcription? How does it start?
- The copying of mRNA from DNA. It starts when RNA Polymerase binds at a promoter binding site.
- What is translation?
- The construction of a polypeptide from the code sequence on mRNA.
- How many RNA nucleotides code for a single amino acid? What are these groups called?
- Three. Codons or Triplets.
- What is gene expression?
- The entire process of transcription and translation.
- Does the code that determines which codons code for which amino acids differ greatly between organisms?
- No.
- The genetic code for which two organelles is different?
- Mitochodria and Chloroplasts.
- In transcription, what is the strand of DNA that is copied to RNA called?
- The template or antisense strand.
- In transcription, what is the strand of DNA that is not copied to RNA called?
- The coding or sense strand.
- In RNA synthesis, the RNA polymerase adds nucleuotides to which end of the synthesizing strand?
- The 3' end.
- Where does transcription start on the DNA strand?
- On the promoter.
- What stops the gene transcription?
- The GC hairpin.
- What are the three RNA polymerases in eukaryotes and what do they synthesize?
- RNA Polymerase I (rRNA), RNA Polymerase II (mRNA), RNA Polymerase III (tRNA)
- What is an initiation complex?
- A system of protein transcription factors that bind to the promoter region that enhances the rate of transcription.
- How is mRNA modified after transcription in eukaryotes?
- A GTP and methyl group is put on the 5' cap and a poly-adenine tail is put on the 3' end. Also, introns are cut out of the mRNA.
- What activating enzymes attach the amino acids to the tRNA anticodons?
- Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
- What is the start signal codon in translation? What are the three nonsense (stop) codons?
- AUG. UAA, UAG, UGA.
- Does translation have an initiation complex?
- Yes
- What happens in the elongation stage of translation?
- Codons are exposed and bound to anticodons sequentially from the start codon.
- What is the process of the ribosome moving down the mRNA strand called? In what direction does it move?
- Translocation. 5' to 3'.
- What are exons? What are introns?
- Exons are sequences of DNA that code for protein. Introns are sequences of DNA that do not code for protein.
- When small nuclear ribonuclearproteins (snRNPs) associate with other proteins, they form ________.
- Spliceosomes
- What do the spliceosomes do? What is the process called?
- They remove the introns from the mRNA and splice together the exons. Alternative splicing.
- Do prokaryotes tend to have many introns?
- No, mostly eukaryotes have introns.
- Can prokaryotic mRNA have more than one gene in them?
- Yes.
- Does prokaryotic mRNA have to be completely formed before it is translated?
- No.
- How does the beginning of translation differ in prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
- In prokaryotes, translation begins at an AUG codon just after a special nucleotide sequence.
- Which has larger ribosomes, eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells?
- Eukaryotic cells.
- Who made these flashcards?
- Robert Fromm