pharmacolgy

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

first phase of drug action: pharmaceutic phase (dissolution)
2 pharmaceutic phases: disintegration
dissolution
breakdown of tablet into smaller particles: disintegration
dissolving of smaller particles in GI fluid before absorption: dissolution
process of drug movement to achieve drug action: pharmacokinetic phase
4 processes of pharmacokinetic phase: absorption
distribution
metabolism (biotransformation)
excretion (elimination)
movement of drug particles from GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption or pinocytosis: absorption
absorption occurs mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration): passive absorption
absorption requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move drug against a concentration gradient: active absorption
process by which cells carry drug across their membrane by engulfing drug particles: pinocytosis
process in which drug passes to liver first: first-pass effect (hepatic first pass)
(subcategory of absorption) percentage of administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation: bioavailability
process by which drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues: distribution
time it takes for one half of drug concentration to be eliminated: half-life (t 1/2)
main route of drug elimination is through the ____: kidneys (urine)
study of drug concentration and its effect on body (phase): pharmacodynamic phase
estimates the margin of safety of drug through use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic or concentration) dose (ED) in 50% of persons or animals (ED50) and the lethat dose (LD) in 50% of animals (LD50): therapeutic index (TI)
the closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the danger of toxicity: therapeutic index (TI)
LD50/ED50: therapeutic index (TI)
highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time: peak drug level
lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated: trough level
4 steps of nursing process: assessment/nursing diagnosis
planning
implementation
evaluation
nursing process that is particularly important because the data provided form the basis on care: assessment
nursing process that is characterized by goal setting or expected outcomes: planning
nursing process that includes the nursing actions/interventions necessary to accomplish the established goals or expected outcomes: implementation
nursing process that includes client teaching: implementation
nursing process that includes the effectiveness of health teaching about drug therapy and attainment of goals that are addressed: evaluation
five-plus-five rights of drug administation (1st): T = right time
R = right route
A = right amount
M = right medication
P = right patient
five-plus-five rights of drug administation (2nd): A = right assessment
D = right documentation
E = client's right to education
E = client's right to evaulation
R = client's right to refuse
what is the goal of drug administation?: decrease the rate of medication errors
who devised the food pyramid: u.s. department of agriculture (usda)
ranked measure of glycemic effect of foods: glycemic index
role of proteins in nutrition: help to maintain the fluid and mineral composition of various body fluids
protein food sources x2: lean cuts
fish
poultry
beans
nuts
whole grains
role of fiber in nutrition: aids in maintaining the health of the digestive tract and helps to prevent or control certain diseases
fiber food sources x2: fresh fruits & veggies
nuts & legumes
whole grains
role of fats in nutrition: provide essential fatty acids and is a concentrated energy source
water soluble vitamins: B-complex vitamins
vitamin C
group of vitamins that are not usually toxic unless taken in extemely excessive amounts: water soluble vitamins
vitamins that are not stored by the body and are readily excreted in urine: water soluble vitamins
foods that are high in vitamin B: grains
cereal
bread
meats
foods that are high in vitamin C: citrus fruits
tomatoes
leafy green veggies
potatoes
strawberries
thiamine vitamin: vitamin B1
riboflavin vitamin: vitamin B2
nicotinic acid or niacin vitamin: vitamin B3
pyridoxine vitamin: vitamin B6
promotes use of sugars (energy); required for good function of nervous system and heart: vitamin B1 (thiamine)
promotes body's use of carbohydrates, proteins and fats by releasing energy to cells; required for tissue integrity: vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
given to alleviate pellagra and hyperlipidemia, for which large doses are required: vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid or niacin)
important in metabolism, synthesis of proteins and formation of RBC's: vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
helps tissue repair and growth; required in formation of collagen: vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
functions as building block of nucleic acids and to form RBC's; faciltates functioning of nervous system: vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
used to treat neonates with seizures refractive to traditional therapy: vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
ascorbic acid: vitamin C
promotes use of phosphorus and calcium; important for strong teeth and bones: vitamin D (calciferol)
protects fatty acids and promotes formation and functioning of RBC's, muscle and other tissues: vitamin E
essentioal for blood clotting: vitamin K
cobalamin vitamin: vitamin B12
fat-soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E & K
required for development and maintenance of healthy eyes, gums, teeth, skin, hair and selected glands; needed for fat metabolism: vitamin A
foods sources for vitamin D: fortified milk
egg
yolk
tuna
salmon
food sources for vitamin K: leafy green veggies
liver
cheese
egg yolk
vegetable oil
tomatoes
food sources for vitamin A: whole milk
butter
eggs
leafy green & yellow veggies and fruits
role of fats in nutriton: provides energy
mineral vital for hemoglobin regeneration: iron
food sources for iron: liver
lean meats
egg yolks
dried beans
green veggies (spinach)
fruit
mineral needed for formation of RBC's and connective tissues: copper
food sources for copper: shellfish (crab, oysters)
liver
nuts
seeds (sunflower, sesame)
legumes
cocoa
mineral believe to alleviate common cold: zinc
food sources for zinc: beef
lamb
eggs
leafy and root veggies
mineral said to be helpful in control of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent): chromium
food sources for chromium: meats
whole-grain cereals
brewer's yeast
mineral acts as cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme that protects protein and nucleic acids from oxidative damage: selenium
food sources for selenium: meats (especially liver)
seafood
eggs
dairy products
solution used for replacement and maintenance fluid therapy: crystalloids
volume expanders: colloids
examples of crystalloids: dextrose
saline
lactated Ringer's
examples of colloids: dextran solutions
amino acids
hetastarch
Plasmanate
examples of hypotonic solutions: dextrose in water when used continuously
examples of isotonic solutions: hetastarch
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride)
lactated Ringer's solution
Ringer's solution
examples of hypertonic solutions: ?
3.5 - 5.3 mEq/L: potassium (K+)
important cellular cation: potassium (K+)
135 - 145 mEq/L: sodium
major cation in ECF: sodium
signs and symtoms: muscular weakness headaches abdominal cramps nausea vomiting: hyponatremia
signs and symptoms: flushed skin elevated body temperature elevated bp rough, dry tongue: hyperatremia
signs and symptoms: nausea vomiting dysrhythmias abdominal distention soft, flabby muscles: hypokalemia
signs and symptoms: nausea abdominal cramps oliguria (decreased urine) tachycardia, then bradycardia weakness, numbness or tingling in extremities: hyperkalemia
4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L: calcium
signs and symptoms: anxiety irritability tetany: hypocalcemia
signs and symptoms: flabby muscles pain over bony areas kidney stones of calcium composition: hypercalcemia
1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L: magnesium
signs and symptoms: loss of deep tendon reflexes lethargy drowsiness weakness paralysis hypotension heart block: hypermagnesemia
signs and symptoms: tetany HTN: hypomagnesemia
TPN preliminary labs: electrolytes
glucose
protein
also called hyperalimentation (HA) or IV hyperalimentation (IVH); primary method for providing complete nutrients by the parenteral or IV route: total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
goal of nutrition therapy: positive-pressure nitrogen
some nursing interventions for weight reduction plan: exercise
healthy eating
residuals for enteral feedings that would indicate the need to hold feedings: > 50 ml
what diet is nutritionally inadequate?: clear-liquid diet because it lacks protein and fat
complications of TPN: pneumothorax
hemothorax
hydrothorax
air embolism
infection
hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia
fluid overload hypervolemia

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 102