Chapter 3 terms of "Life: The Science of Biology, 7th edition"
Terms
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- Chemical Evolution
- Holds that conditions on the primitive Earth led to the emergence of molecules unique to life.
- Macromolecules
- Giant polymers constructed by the covalent linking of smaller molecules called monomers.
- Polymers
- "Many units"
- Monomers
- May or may not be identical, but always have similar chemical structures.
- Condensation Reactions
- A loss of water occurs during this reaction.
- Hydrolysis Reactions
- Water is gained during this reaction.
- Proteins
- Functions include structural support, protection, transport, catalysis, defense, regulation, and movement.
- Side Chain
- Same as R Group
- R Group
- Important in determining the 3D structure and f(x) of the protein macromolecule in amino acids.
- Disulfide Bridge
- Help determine how a polypeptide chain folds.
- Primary Structure
- The precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
- Secondary Structure
- Consists of regular, repeated patterns in different regions of a polypeptide chain.
- The Alpha Helix
- A right-handed coil that is threaded in the same direction as a standard wood screw.
- The Beta Pleated Sheet
- Formed from two or more polypeptide chains that are almost completely extended and lying next to one another.
- Tertiary Structure
- When the polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back and forth in a protein.
- Quaternary Structures
- Results from the ways in which subunits bind together and interact.
- Denaturation
- The loss of a protein's normal 3D structure.
- Chaperonins
- A class of proteins that limits inappropriate protein interactions.
- Glucose
- An energy source.
- Starch
- A polysaccharide of glucose.
- Glycogen
- A highly balanced polysaccharide of glucose.
- Cellulose
- A polysaccharide of glucose, but its individual monosaccharides are connected by beta-glycosidic linkages.
- Organic
- Carbon-containing.
- Lipids
- A chemically diverse group of hydrocarbons.
- Triglycerides
- Fats and oils- solid at room temperature are fats, liquid at room temperature are oils.
- Saturated Fatty Acids
- All the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds.
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- The hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds.
- Phospholipids
- Contain fatty acids bound to glycerol by ester linkages.
- Carotenoids
- A family of light-absorbing pigments found in plants and animals.
- Steroids
- A family of organic compounds whose multiple rings share carbons.
- Vitamins
- Small molecules that are not synthesized by the body, but are necessary for normal f(x).
- Vitamin A
-
Formed from the beta carotene found in green and yellow vegetables.
Deficiency: Dry skin, eyes, and internal body surfaces, retarded growth and development, and night-blindness. - Vitamin D
-
Regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestines.
Deficiency: Rickets - Vitamin E
- Protects cells from the damaging effects of oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Vitamin K
- Found in green leafy plants and is also synthesized by bacteria normally present in the human intestine. Essential to the formation of blood clots.
- Nucleic Acids
- Polymers specialized for storage, transmission, and use of information.
- DNA
- Giant polymers that encode heredity information and pass it from generation to generation.
- RNA
- Act as a catalyst for important reactions in cells.
- Nucleotides
- Monomers that consist of pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base- either a pyrimidine or a purine.
- Nucleosides
- Molecules consisting of a pentose sugar and a nitrogen base, but no phosphate group.
- Complementary Base Pairing
- A and T always go together, C and G always go together.
- Ribozymes
- RNAs that can catalyze reactions on their own nucleotides as well as in other cellular substances.