Human Biology Exam 4
Terms
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- Ovary
- Produces egg; produces hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
- Oviduct/Fallopian Tube
- Carries egg to uterus
- Ectopic Pregnancy
- Egg implants in oviduct.
- Uterus
- Site of embryo implantation; uterine wall - endometrium; muscular contractions - delivers baby.
- Cervix
- Regulates access to uterus; \"seals\" during pregnancy.
- Vaginal Canal
- Birth canal
- Labia
- External genitalia
- Clitoris
- Arousal
- _____ are released from _____ every cycle.
- Eggs; ovary
- Surgical Sterilization
- Tubal ligation - cut from both oviducts.
- Testes
- Produce sperm; produce testosterone.
- Epididymis
- Maturation site.
- Vas deferens
- Tube carries sperm to prostate gland/urethra.
- Vasectomy
- Cut both vas deferens, tie off, cauterize.
- Prostate Gland
- Alkaline secretions; neutralize acids - improves sperm function, HCO3 (bicarbonate).
- Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
- Prostate expands, pinches urethra.
- Seminal Vesicle
- Fluid portion of semen; fluid nourishes sperm.
- Urethra
- Carries sperm, urine to outside of body.
- Penis
- Erectile structure; cavities store blood - pool - generates pressure; circulatory problems generate (erectile dysfunction).
- Improved blood flow in penis helps to treat __________.
- Erectile dysfunction
- Sperm Production
- Seminiferous Tubule coiled inside testis.
- Mitosis
- 1 cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis
- 1 cell divides into 4 daughter cells with 1/2 normal DNA - only in reproductive tissues.
- Spermatogonium
- Multiply by mitosis.
- Primary Spermatocytes, Secondary Spermatocytes
- Meiosis (meiosis 1 & meiosis 2)
- Sperm
- Head structure; middle region.
- Head structure of sperm:
- Contains DNA
- Middle region of sperm:
- Motor spins flagellum. Generates movement.
- Hormones
- Endocrine system (Hypothalmus; Pituitary; Testes)
- Hypothalmus
- Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Anterior Pituitary
- Lutenizing hormone; follicle-stimulating hormone.
- LH
- Stimulates testosterone.
- FSH
- Stimulates sperm production.
- Drugs that interfere with testosterone
- Chemical castration.
- Fertilization
- - Most common in Oviduct. - Sperm must digest through Zona Pellucida (acrosome contains enzymes that digest Zona Pellucida). - First sperm to pass through causes \"hardening\" of egg (prevents passage of other sperm). - Fertilized egg begins cell divisions (mitotic) - Blastocyst (implants in endometrium) - Embryo produces HCG - Placenta - Fetus develops in amniotic fluid.
- HCG
- What is tested for in pregnancy tests; in urine; prevents breakdown of Corpus Luteum
- Corpus Luteum
- Prevents production of progesterone; maintains endometrium.
- Placenta
- Allows a large surface for exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus - not mixing of blood.
- Amniocentesis
- Samples fluid; get fetal cells (DNA tests)
- Assisted Reproductive Techniques
- - Artificial Insemination - In Vitro fertilization (in liquid) - Gamete intrafallopian transfer - 20-28% success rates.
- Cell Cycle
- G1, S, G2
- G1
- Growth, get larger, more cytoplasm, more organelles - some cells stay in this phase.
- S
- Synthesis of DNA (DNA polymerase); some cells stay in this phase.
- G2
- Cell now has 2 copies of DNA; chromosomes consist of 2 identical chromatids; cell prepares for division; mitotic spindles begin to develop.
- 4 Phases of Mitosis:
- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- Prophase
- Cromosomes condense, supercoiling of DNA (coiled, coiled coil); x-shaped chromosome=2 chromatids.
- Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up in the middle.
- Anaphase
- Centromere breaks - chromatids quickly separate.
- Telophase
- Reform nucleus.
- Cytokinesis
- Cell divides
- Meiosis I
- Prophase I, Synapsis occurs, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase, Cytokinesis
- Phrophase I
- Chromosomes condense into x-shapes.
- Synapsis occurs
- Crossing over of chromosomes; homologous chromosomes (mom/dad) exchange DNA.
- Metaphase I
- Chromosomes line up in middle of cell (2 by 2 - line up in pairs).
- Anaphase I
- Chromosomes are separated; generates haploid cells.
- Meiosis II
- Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis.
- Prophase II
- Chromosomes condense
- Metaphase II
- Chromosomes line up in middle (not 2 by 2 - single file).
- Anaphase II
- Chromatids separate.
- Telophase II
- Form nuclei.
- Nondisjunction
- Chromosomes don\'t segregate properly; 1 gamete carries extra copy of chromosome (offspring has 3 copies); Trisomy 21 - Down\'s Syndrome.
- Turner Syndrome
- XO; female - smaller ovaries, smaller breasts; 1 in 2000.
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- XXY; male - may have small breast development, may have small testes, tall, less muscular (low testosterone); 1 in 1000.
- Codominance
- A and B alleles are both expressed, one doesn\'t overwhelm the other.
- XX
- Female
- XY
- Male
- Recessive traits are more easily expressed in _____.
- Male
- Early Earth
- - Volcanic activity - Electric storms - Greenhouse effect - Methane (CH4) - Ammonia (NH3) - H20 + H+
- Simple Cells
- Prokaryotes - bacteria
- Microevolution
- Change in the frequency of alleles within a population; due to mutation and gene flow.
- Macroevolution
- Variation results in gradual development of new species.
- Classification
- - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
- Skeletal Evidence of Evolution
- Fossils in rocks can be dated (reconstruct timeline); homologous structure (descendants will share common structures).
- Developmental Evidence of Evolution
- Gill (phenyngeal) pouches exist during development; tail resorbed before birth.
- Geographic Evidence of Evolution
- Migration of marsupials to Australia (dominate).
- Humans
- Began to diverge from other primates about 65 million years ago.
- More than 6 million years ago...
- Humans, gorillas, and chimps had common ancestor.
- Lucy
- Australopithecus afarensis; about 4.5 million years ago; bipedalism.
- Homohabilis
- 2 million years ago; tool use.
- Homo Erectus
- 1.5 million - 50,000 years ago; used fire.
- Homo Sapiens
- Domestic animals; learned agriculture.
- Gonads
- Testes or ovaries; the most important structures in the reproductive system; produce gametes and sex hormones.
- Gametes
- The eggs and sperm; the cells that will fuse and develop into a new individual.
- Ovaries
- Female gonads; produce eggs (gamete), and estrogen and progesterone (sex hormones).