macromolecule
Terms
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- 2 unique features of meiosis
- synapsis * reduction divison
- Budding
- part of a parent body becomes seperate from the rest and differentiates to become a new individual
- Cells
- the smallest compete unit of life
- Chemical Bonds
- energy that holds atoms together
- Covalant Bonds
- Strong bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons -Very directional
- Define: Crossing Over
- When the arms of certain non-sister chomatids cross over each other it increases genetic variation. It does this by introducing more potential combinations of genes.
- Define: Fission
- Division of cells into two identical calls by mitosis
- Define: Hydrolysis
- a proccess where a water molecule is added which allows the division of the macromolecule into smaller components.
- Define: Independant Assortment
- Each gamet recieves one homologue of each chromosome. Each of the paris of chromosomes segregate independantly
- Dsefine: Random Fertiliization
- Each individual zygote that is formed is the uniion of 3 adults
- Electronegativity
- measure of how well the nucleus of a an atom with a covalant bond attrats the shared electrons (higher electrongetativity= stronger attraction)
- Endocytosis
- cells engulf other cells and particles by extending their plasma membranes toward them
- Eukaryotic Cell
- Everything except Archea & Bacteria
- Examples of macromolecules
- Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
- How are macromolecules formed
- formed by building monomers (small molecules) together to form polymers( long chain)
- How are subunits of macromolecules combined?
- through dehydration synthesis
- Hydrogen Bonds
- occur in polar molecules Postitve end attracts to negaitive Important to biologicla molecules
- Hydrophyllic
- water loving molecules
- Identify Active Transport
- requires energy to open protein channels through the plasma membrane Channels are one way paths
- Ionic Bonds
- 2 atoms are attracted by opposite charge
- Macromolecule
- Very large organic molecules
- Name 3 major mechanisims that have substantially increased genetic variation
- (1) Independant Assortment (2) Crossing Over (3) Random Fertilization
- Non Polar molecules
- Molecules in which there is little different of electronegatively
- Polar Molecule
- Molecules that havea a large difference in electronegativity of an atom
- Proton Pump
- Channels that spend metabolic energy to pump protons across membranes
- Sodium Potassium Pump
- uses energy from ATP soduium ions are pumped out of cells Potassium ions are pumped into cells.
- Types of Asexual Reproduction
- (1) Fission (2) Budding
- Water is very ______. Other ______substances are attracted to its molecules
- Polar
- What does reproduction at the cellular level require?
- mitosis & meosis
- What does the plasma membrane consist of?
- Phosphate ( very polar) Lipids (non polar)
- What happens with hydrogen bonds and water?
- Ice forms.
- What is inside a Eukaryotic cell
- organelles (membrane bound structures)
- What three properties of water are due to hydrogen bonds?
- (1)Heat Storage (2)High Heat of Vaporization (3) Coheision - individual molecules held together strongly
- what two ways can reproduction at the organismal level be?
- (1) Sexual (2) Asexual
- Why has sexual reproduction have a huge affect on the evolution of species?
- becuase of its ability to rapidly produce new genetic combinations