Chapter 17
Terms
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- Salon
- Elegant drawing room of wealthy upper class's great urban houses; brought writers and artists together with aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people; helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
- Scientific Method
- a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence; crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world; developed by Francis Bacon
- Geocentric
- places Earth at center of universe
- Social Contract
- Through it an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
- Joseph II
- Son of Maria Theresa; believed in the need to sweep away anything standing in the path of reason; abolished serfdom, eliminated death penalty, estabished priniciple of equality of all before the law, and enacted religious reforms including religious toleration but this reform program failed; his succesors undid all of his reforms
- Philosophe
- intellectuals of the Enlightenment; French name for philosopher
- Separation of Powers
- prevented any one person or group from gaining too much power; provided greatest freedom and security for the state
- Natural Philosphers
- name for midiveal scientists; they did not make observations of the natural world
- Universal Law of Gravitation
- explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in strait lines but instead continue elliptical orbits about the Sun; states that object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
- Maria Theresa
- empress of Austrian Empire; inherited throne in 1740; worked to centralize the Austrian Empire and strengthed power of the state; not open to philosophe's calls for reform but worked hard to alliviate the conditions of the serfs
- Enlightened Absolutism
- A new type of monarchy in the 18th century; in the system rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers
- Catherine II
- German wife of Peter III of Russia and came to power after his murder; ruled Russia 1762-1796; interested in enlightend reforms but didnt do any; had policy favoring landed nobility but this led to worse conditions for Russian peasents and led to rebellion; the rebellion spread across spouthern Russia but she halted all reform and serfdom expanded into newer parts of the empire; expanded Russian Empire
- Johann Sebastian Bach
- renowned organist and composer; spent entire life in Germany; while music director of Church or Saint Thomas in Leipzig composed Mass in B Minor; got reputation of being one of the greatest composers of all time; perfected baroque style
- Deism
- 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law; built on the idea of the Newtonian world-machine
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind; wrote The Social Contract; wrote Emile; believed that emotions as well as reason were important to human development but sent his own children to orphanages
- Robert Walpole
- served as head of cabinet (later prime minister) from 1721-1742; persued peaceful forign policy
- Fredrick William I
- Prussian king; strove to maintain highly efficent beaucracy of civil workers; by end of riegn in 1740, doubled army's size, made it 1 of the best armies in Europe
- Ptolemaic System
- In it the universe is a series of concentric spheres; the spheres are made of crystal-like, transparent substance, in which the heavenly bodies (pure orbs of light are embeded); the rotation of the spheres makes these heavenly bodies rotate about the Earth and move in relation to one another; the 10th sphere moved itself and gave motion to the other spheres; beyond 10th sphere was Heaven
- Ptolemy
- Lived in the 2nd century A.D.; greatest astronomer of antiquity; constructed model universe known as the Ptolemaic System (geocentric system)
- George Fredrick Handle
- German; spent most of career in England; best known for religious music; wrote Messiah; perfected baroque music style
- Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
- Mexian poet; denied access into University of Mexico because she was a woman; entered convent and became nun; became famous and great poet; denounced by her bishop for writing secular liturature
- Mestizos
- Offspring of Europeans and Native Amercans
- Denis Diderot
- went to University of Paris; became a freelance writer so that he could study and read in many subjects and languages; contributed his Encyclopedia or Classified Dictonary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades to the Enlightenment
- Laissez-faire
- A doctrine known by its French name; meaning "to let (the people) do (what they want); natural economic laws identified by Physiocrats, a French group, and Adam Smith; maintained that if individuals were free to pursue their own economic self interest, all society would benefit
- Fredrick II
- the Great; Prussian king; one of best educated and most cultured monarchs in the 18th century; seemed willing to make enlightened reforms (and he made some) but kept Prussia's serfdom and rigid social structure intact and avoidedany additional reforms; also enlarged Prussian Army; credited with making Prussia a great European power
- Maria Winkelmann
- most famous of female astronomers in Germany; recieved training from self-taught astronomer; married Gottfried Kirch and became his assistant; applied for positionas assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy, she was highly qualified but was denied (because she was a woman and had no university degree)
- Mulattoes
- The offspring of African and Europeans
- John Locke
- scientist; wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding; his book argued that every person was born with tabula rasa, or blanck mind; his ideas suggested that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world
- Adam Smith
- wrote The Wealth of Nations; believed that the stated should not interfere in economic matters; gave governmet 3 basic roles
- Rococo
- Artistic style that spread over Europe in the 1730's; emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action; made use of delicate designs colored in gold and graceful curves; highly secular
- Franz Joseph Haydn
- wrote classical music; spent most of adult life as musical director for wealthy Hungarian princes; wrote The Creations and The Seasons
- Montesquieu
- Came from the French Nobility; wrote The Spirit of the Laws; believed that England's government had 3 branches; his analysis of the system of checks and balances through seperation of powers was his most lasting contributions to political thought
- Margaret Canvendish
- came from aristocrat family; wrote Observations Upon Expiremental Philosophy; critical of the belief that humans, through science, weret he masters of nature
- Heliocentric
- sun-centered
- Federal System
- In which power would be shared between the national government and the state governments; created by the proposed Constitution
- Robert Boyle
- 1 of the 1st scientists to conduct controlled expirements; Properties of Gases lead to (this perspn's) Law
- Isaac Newton
- attended Cambridge University; became professor of mathematics at the university; wrote Mathematical Priniciples of Natural Philosophy (Principia); proved his arguments through universal law of gravitation; created world-machine concept
- Inductive Reasoning
- to proceed from the particular to the general
- Rationalsim
- system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Child prodigy; wrote classical music; The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni are 3 of the world's most famous operas
- Johannes Kepler
- German mathematician; used detailed astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion; his 1st law contradicted the cirrcular orbits and crystal-like spheres that were central to the Ptolemaic system
- Hanoverains
- New dynasty created by Protestant rulers of the German state of Hanover when last Stuart died; the 1st and 2nd of Hanovarian kings didnt speak English nor did they know the British system well, their cheif ministers were allowed to handle Parliment
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- English writer; self-educated; seen as founder of the modern European movement for women's rights; wrote a Vindication of the Rights of Women; married William Godwin; daughter wrote Frankinstien
- Rene Descartes
- 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism
- Galileo Galilei
- teaches mathematics; 1st European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope; discovered moutians on the moon and 4 moons around Jupiter; published The Stary Messenger; under the suspicion of the Catholic Church
- Nicolas Copernicus
- native of Poland; wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres; mathematician; had heliocentric conception of the universe; argued Sun not Earth was the center of the universe; moon revolved around Earth;believed movement of the Sun around the Earth was caused by daily rotation of Earth on its Axis
- John Wesley
- Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity
- Francis Bacon
- English philosopher who developed scientific method; believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorites, scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature; wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade
- Henry Fielding
- best known for his work in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
- Voltaire
- a Parisian; came from prosperous middle-class family; well known for his criticism of Christianity; wrote Treatise on Toleration; championed deism