Meeting of Worlds/Colonial America Terms
Terms
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- Separatists
- settlers at Plymouth who wanted to completely break off from the Church of England
- Puritans
- English settlers in Mass Bay who wanted to purify the church of England
- spectral evidence
- accepted evidence in the Salem Witch Trials that was a simple claim by a witness of seeing a spirit
- Duke's Laws
- legal code maintaining complete Dutch rule over New Netherland
- New Netherland
- Colony created by Dutch West India Co. which had a competing economy with New France
- John Eliot
- Mass leader who was also a missionary and tried to change Native culture
- John Peter Zinger
- writer imprisoned for ciriticizing government; he said libel is only something that is not true
- Navigation Acts
- acts passed by parliament restricting trade so that it would benefit England
- Regulator Movement
- groups who roamed areas of rural South Carolina trying to combat relaxed law enforcement
- joint-stock company
- a company in which numerous people invested money for trading voyages
- Carteret/Berkeley
- granted land by the Duke of York; they attracted settlers to this colony by promising land and limited freedom of religion
- John Cabot
- European who "discovered" North America, but did not colonize
- Atlantic Creoles
- slaves coming from other places in America; many were mixed races
- royal colony
- colony controlled by European King or Queen who would appoint officials to lead the colony
- Cecilius Calvert
- member of the family who owned Maryland; he gave religious freedom to all Christian settlers
- enlightenment
- period when European political ideas spread to America and influenced ideas on independant republic
- Narragansetts
- group of Indians who allied with English in Pequot war
- civic rituals
- broad name for all of the government declared holidays that brought the community together
- Bacon's Rebellion
- resistance movement started by Virginia farmers who were angry that the Natives had the best land
- Dominion of New England
- new charter for New England to stop smuggling and allow religious freedom
- Pokanokets
- a branch of Wampanoags who helped the Pilgrims
- headright system
- system giving land grants to people who paid their way to Virginia
- King Phillip's War
- war between Wampanoags and Pilgrims that was sparked by Pilgrims' disrespect
- Royal African Company
- English run slaving company in Lower Guinea
- Roger Williams
- Separatist who advocated for Indian rights and also tried to separate church from state - he was banished from MA
- New York Conspiracy
- whites who were convinced slaves were trying to rebel tried to incite an uprising
- William Penn
- leader of the Quakers who believed that everyone was equal and eventually help a proprietorship
- middle ground
- cultural encounters between Indians and Europeans in which gifts were traded before negotiations
- William and Mary
- daughter of James II and her husband who took power after the Glorious Revolution
- Iroquois Confederacy
- defensive alliance between 5 Indian tribes that made decisions about war
- Arawaks/Tainos
- native peoples on the islands discovered by Columbus
- John Smith
- founder of Jamestown colony who took control and saved colony
- King William's War
- conflict between Algonquian natives and New England following a war between England and France
- genteel culture
- idea centered on the newly rich colonists who had time for leisure activities
- Covenant of Works
- belief that people must be good in order to reach salvation
- Jesuits/Black Robes
- Missionaries who came to New France and undermined Shaman society
- John Winthrop
- governor and leader of Mass Bay Colony
- Kinge George's War
- war between Great Britain and Spain in the Caribbean; brought out non-unification among colonies
- Scots-Irish
- two groups who combined to make one of the largest immigrant groups; they were seeking religious freedom and economic prosperity
- English Reformation
- time after English made own church, leading to more separate religions
- New France
- French colony founded in 1608 whose economy was centered on fur trading
- vice-admiralty courts
- courts that operated without juries solely for cases involving the Navigation Acts
- Pueblo Revolt
- revolt led by Pope that drove Spanish out of New Mexico
- Samuel Champlain
- French man who created trading post in Quebec
- Charles II
- King Charles I son, gave American land to those who had supported him in English Civil War
- Columbian Exchange
- exchange of plants, animals and diseases between the Natives and the Spaniards
- New Spain
- colony spreading from the Caribbean to the Southwest US and Florida controlled by Spain
- St. Augustine
- oldest European settlement in USA serving as military outpost to protect Spanish
- Yamasee War
- war between the South Carolina settlers and the local natives who did not like being used for slavery and threatened for their land
- James Oglethorpe
- founder of Georgia - a colony for debters that created a buffer
- Jonathan Edwards
- Massachusetts preacher who said men must surrender to God
- glorious revolution
- bloodless coup in England in which King James was replaced by his daughter and her husband
- Covenant of Grace
- belief that people's lives are completely predestined
- James II
- Duke of York, given the land where New Netherland already existed - he invaded and took over
- indentured servant
- someone who subjected himself to temporary slavery in return for passage to America
- Stuart Monarchs
- Rulers in England with no tolerance for Puritans and Seperatists
- Great Awakening
- religious revival spearheaded by evangelists who spoke against rational thinking
- George Whitfield
- English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies
- General Court
- colonial legislature made up of elected officials in Mass Bay
- mercantilism
- the idea that all governments compete for a finite amount of wealth
- colonial assemblies
- representative groups led by men in the genteel class who influenced appointed leaders
- Board of Trade and Plantations
- division of English government devoted solely to colonies; had no direct power
- Mass Bay Company
- joint stock company who sponsored the Puritans
- Dutch West India Company
- joint-stock company that was the largest slave trading company in the world
- Stono Rebellion
- S.C. slave rebellion in which slaves stole guns and ammunition - they were all killed
- middle passage
- voyage Africa and America during which 10% to 20% of slaves died
- Anne Hutchinson
- woman who challenged church authority and threatened male power in the church - she was banished
- Mayflower Compact
- agreement settling leadership issues of Plymouth colony
- cash crop
- crop grown for sale to obtain a profit
- Halfway Covenant
- idea that people who did not have "saving faith" still had to abide by the rules of the church
- House of Burgesss
- first elected government in Virginia, allowing male land owners to elect representatives
- Encomienda system
- system designed to produce cash crops in which natives were inslaved on plantations
- Triangular Trade
- trading link between America, Europe and Africa involving slaves, sugar and tobacco
- Restoration Colonies
- colonies created out of land gifts from Charles II
- Powhatan Confederacy
- political union of 6 Algonquian villages who became allies with Jamestown and helped them survive
- Maryland's Act of Religious Toleration
- policy created in Maryland in 1649 offering religious freedom to all Christians
- Algonquians
- coastal Indians who did not get along with settlers at Jamestown
- proprietorship
- when one or several men hold a land title and have complete control
- Doctrine of the Covenant
- Winthrop's sermon preaching communal activity and avoiding a hierarchy
- John Locke
- enlightenment philosopher who said people have a right to rebel against their government
- English Civil War
- conflict between King (Church of England) and Parliament (Puritan). King was executed but power was later reinstated to his son
- Pequot War
- war between Natives in the New Netherland area and English colonists in Mass Bay
- Baptists
- people in Virginia who created a religious branch stressing plain dress, lack of hierarchy and less racism