Palmer 15
Terms
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- HM Stanley
- Sent to find Livingstone; published a book about it that inspired colonial exploration into the area.
- French Indochina
- Region that is currently Vietnam today--French took occupation in 1880s and formed the French Indochina Union in 1894
- Jameson Raid
- Lead by Jameson; a raid on the Boers in 1895; lead to a British defeat
- Leopold, King of Belgium
- Organized the Congo Association to explore central Africa; he sent Stanley to negotiate with local leaders; purpose was rubber and ivory.
- Japan and Imperialism
- Modernized rapidly, adopting a Western economy, industry and military; adopted western imperialism practices; => conflict in China over Korea & winning of Liaotung Peninsula (Port Aruthur) and Formosa (modern day Taiwan)
- Afrikaners
- Whites in southern Africa of Dutch extraction; didn't like the British who moved into the territory and they set up the Transvaal and Orange Free State; relatively peaceful until diamonds and gold were discovered in the Transvaal
- Liaotung Peninsula
- Location of Port Arthur; Japanese won this from China in 1894
- Fashoda Crisis
- Conflict with France and English in the Sudan over the English's attempt to form the "cape to Cairo" band;
- Brussels Conference (1889)
- Leopold promised to stop illegal slave trade, reduce traffic in firearms and liquor; no real means to enforce the measures;
- Boer War
- Following Jameson Raid, there was a war between the Boers and the British (1899 - 1902) and the British won. Afrikaners took oath of loyalty to England, but were allowed to govern themselves; pretty much the end of territorial change in Africa
- Machine Gun
- New technology; developed by the British and the dominant weapon of the time.
- Russo-Japanese War
- Japan attacks Russia at Port Arthur => Russia sending Baltic fleet only to see it destroyed by Japan => Western onlookers realized the East could beat up the West => Treaty of Portsmouth => Japanese control of Liaotung, Port Arthur, "preferred position" in Manchuria and control in Korea
- Progress Toward Improvement in Africa
- Europeans curbed tribal warfare, slavery, superstition, disease and illiteracy. Class of westernied, educated Africans eventually emerged; some went to Universities and they fought against European exploitation.
- Suez Canal
- Canal in the Suez that shortened the distance between Europe and the East. Originally French; the English bought up owning shares.
- Sepoy
- Native Indian soldiers fighting in the British military
- Quinine
- Substance used to treat and prevent malaria; allowed exploration of Africa
- British East India Company
- First controlling power of England in India
- Russian Imperialism
- Persia (modern day Iraq); seeking warm-water ports
- Libya (Tripoli)
- Italy captured this region from the Turks in 1911; example of colonial rivalry leading to the climate of World War I.
- The Mahdi
- Muslim extremists in the Sudan (south of Africa) opposed to British expansion; defeated an Egyptian army and General "Chinese" Gordon; eventually taken out by Lord Kitchner
- Congo Association
- Organized by Leopold; purpose was to explore and develop central Africa
- Extraterritoriality
- The concept that Europeans not be held accountable to Chinese law
- Boers
- The word means "farmer" in Afrikaans; they resented the influx of British into the area; hostile to the British; Cecil Rhodes sent in a military force under the leader of Jameson
- Imperialism in Egypt
- Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire; had its own hereditary rule; Egypt sank into debt building Cairo into a modern European city => debt => they sold their shares in the Suez Canal to the British, but money problems ensued => European controllers of the finances => riots => English occupation => puppet government
- David Livingstone
- Scottish medical missionary who explored inside Africa; nobody heard from him for some time
- Charles "Chinese" Gordon (Africa)
- General brought in to get rid of Madhi "problem" in the Sudan; killed in the process
- Open Door Policy
- American concotion; divided China into spheres of influence; China would remain indepdendent and intact, trading with all nations => China feeling victimized => Boxer Rebellion
- South Pacific Imperialism
- Tahiti => France; Fiji => Germany; Marshal Islands and Samoa => Germany; New Guinea => Britain & Germany; New Caledonia => France;
- Cecil Rhodes
- English explorer in Africa who attempted to put together the "cape to cairo" band; lead to conflict with the French and the Fashoda Crisis
- Johannesburg
- City in the Transvaal that became a boomtown with the discovery of diamonds
- Sepoy Rebellion
- Rebellion of Indians vs. the British; begun when it was rumored that England would remove the caste system => rumor that the British greased rifle guns with animal fat, which was in violation of both Muslim and Hindu beliefs => 200 English women and children getting killed in the revolt of sepoys => extreme British backlash (village burning and native hangings) => total British rule of southern India
- Congo Free State
- Nation set up under Belgian control; quickly became on of the largest scandals at the turn of the Century; the Belgian government would take over the free state and turn it into the Belgian Congo, curbing some of the worse offenses, such as forced labor.
- Malaria
- Disease transmitted by mosquitos; prevented deep exploration of Africa. British discovered that quinine will prevent the contracting of malaria.
- Lord Kitchner
- Second force brought in to get rid of the Mahdi; he killed 11,000 Mahdists and secured, fully, the Sudan for the English
- Khartoum
- City south of Egypt in the Sudan; location of a Muslim rebellion lead by the Madhi against British expansion South
- Otto von Bismark (imperialism)
- hosted the 1885 Berlin Conference to set up "rules" for how to acquire the African territory
- Social Darwinism
- the idea that Europeans were the "fitter" race and hence justified in imperialism
- Japan vs. Russa
- Competiton for Manchuria; Japan wanted raw materials and mainland markets and recognition as a great power; Russian Tzar (Nicholas II) needed a war to make himself look good and weaken criticism at home => Japan attacking Russia at Port Arthur (1904), following Russian attempts to increase control => Russo-Japanese War => the reality that the East could militarily beat a Western Power.
- Sino-Japanese War
- 1894-1895 war between China and Japan => annexation of Taiwan, increased Japanese trade privaleges and political influence in Korea, control of Liaotung Peninsula.
- "free land"
- What the Europeans considered the interior of Africa to be.
- Jute
- fiber used in burlap, twine, carpets, sacks and rope and grown in Inida
- Dutch East Indies
- Duth colony north of Australia (modern day Indonesia); ideal colony because they exported more than they imported; rich resources; no competition with European goods; location of forced labor producing sugar cane and coffee; native languages were allowed to remain.
- English Change in India
- irrigation, railroads, cottage industry, police and a justice system; production of rice, opium, jute, indigo and tea. Not allowed to make products that competed with England (cotton or salt); English language enforced in schools, government and business; bright Indians were educated at Oxford and Cambridge and then served in the government
- Taiping Rebellion
- Revolt against Manchu dynasty in China by the Chinese peasants; lasted 14 years => British intervention by General "Chinese" Gordon. Result was treaty system, which gave foreign powers more power.
- Kruger Telegram
- Sent by William II of Germany to Paul Kruger, the Afrikaner governor of the Transvaal congratulating him on the defeat of the British; indicated that the British were not favored to be successful.
- Rudyard Kipling
- "White Man's Burden"; expression of the Social Darwinist theme and a poem to America to 'try out' imperialism
- Arguments for Imperialism
- civilizing the "savages;" spread Christianity; biological and zoological exploration; see the sights; commercial interests; a place for surplus population to go; owning colonies was a sign of strength and prestige
- Evelyn Baring
- British administrator in Egypt; reformed economy to improve peasants while still maintaining commercial interests there.
- 1885 Berlin Conference
- Hosted by Bismark; agreement was that companies that had holdings on the coast of Africa had a right to the interior; occupation had to be physical, with administration and troops, and a nation was obliged to inform other countries of the claim; also set up the Congo Free State
- Opium Wars
- England wanted silk, tea and Chinese luxury items; Chinese wanted nothing Western => discovery that the Chinese would buy Indian opium => Chinese lockdown on opium imports => British smuggling of opium into the country => occupation of Peiking by British and French forces => Hong Kong, Canton and Shanghai being "treaty ports."
- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
- Negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt => Japanese control of Liaotung, Port Arthur, "preferred position" in Manchuria and control in Korea; Russia would turn its attention to the Balkans and away from East Asia => brief rebellion in Russia
- Transvaal
- Region of Southern Africa originally founded by Afrikaners; became a source of interest for the British following the discovery of gold and diamonds => Boer War
- Boxer Rebellion
- Rebellion of the Boxers (a Chinese society) against Chinese Christians following the open door policy; => Europe and the US restoring order; Overall, this would lead to the collapse of the Manchu dynasty and pave the road to the Chinese revolution