WHAP vocab from sheet and other important review

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Mughal Empire: Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)
Dar al Islam: house, haven or realm of islam
Akbar: son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India.
Great Zimbabwe: City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)
Hinduism: Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes (181)
vassal: In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)
mycenae: Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74
abbasid caliphate: Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)
Chattel Slavery: ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property.
neolithic: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period. (p. 11)
Shi'ites: Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)
tribute system: A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307)
Socratic Method: rational reflection of moral decisions
Theravada Buddhism: 'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Therevada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods (181)
devshirme: 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)
Ashikaga Shogunate: The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)
abbasid: Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)
Bantu Migrations: migrated between about 1000 B.C. and A.D. 1000 (West African farmers and herders), languages spoken in central, east-central, and southern Africa
timur: Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)
Saladin: Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; re-conquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam.
neolithic: latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere)
peter the great: (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)
Jizyz: Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories
aztecs: Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305)
manumission: A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)
Olmec: The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)
prehistoric: events or objects that date to a time before writing developed and written records exist.
Shah Jahan: Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)
Zulu: A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)
Peloponnesian War: Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135)
golden horde: Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333)
inca: Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)
Potosi: Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)
Janissaries: Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)
Confucius: Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.(p. 62)
Gempi Wars: Waged for five years form 1180, on Houshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Tiara.
Muslim: An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. (p. 231) )
Neo-Confucianism: term that describesthe resurgence of confusianism and the influence of confucian scholars during the Tang dynasty
champa: A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)
genghis khan: The title of Tem?jin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'oceanic' or 'universal' leader. founder of the Mongol Empire. (p. 325)
Harappa: Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)
Tatars: Mongols "people from hell", as viewed by the Russians. They captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact.
quran: Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232)
Mahabharata: A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)
Filial Piety: An idea of Conficius that parents should be treated with the greatest respect. Lesson 3
Untouchables: the lowest group of people in the caste system; they were deemed the most impure because of their work: butchers, gravediggers, collecters of trash; it was believed that eaven their touch endangered the ritual purity of others
Marco Polo: Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
papacy: The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)
Polygamy: The practice of having two or more spouses at one time. (Polygyny refers specifically to two or more wives; polyandry to two or more husbands.) "Accusations of polygamy likewise arose and increased in intensity." (p. 203)
Dharma: in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste
legalism: In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)
Phoenicians: Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. (103)
Babur: Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1539
Stone Age: The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. (p. 11)
karma: In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life (177)
Hellenistic: Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)
Manchus: a member of a Tungusic people of Manchuria who conquered China in the 17th Century and established a dynasty there (Manchu dynasty or Ching 1644 to 1912
dutch west trading company: Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498
Zhenge He: An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)
Khubilai Khan: Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351)
Tale of Genji: story of Prince Genji and his lovers, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel
Sumerians: The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.
Wu Di: Han emperor who conquered Chooson.
pax romana: Roman peace,' The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas (154)
Concubine: a woman who cohabits with an important man (aka prostitute..)
Agricultural Revolution: The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (p. 17)
carthage: City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) (elephants in war vs. rome)
Hernan Cortes: Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)
Buddha: An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)
janissary: Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)
Yuan Empire: Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. (p. 349)
Patrician: of the hereditary aristocracy or ruling class of ancient Rome or medieval Europe
Vedas: Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. (175)
slash and burn: method of faming used by the Aztecs
grand canal: The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)
tokugawa shogunate: The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)
Constantine: Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)
Diocletian: Roman Emperor form 284-305 CE; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection
Manorialism: system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the MIddle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.
Mansa Musa: this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa
yin/yang: In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. (p. 63)
safavid: Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)
medina: City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)
Reincarnation: the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions
creoles: In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)
steppe: flat plains
mamluks: Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Kamakura Shogunate: The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)
sub-Sahara Africa: Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)
Jihad: Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca.
varna/jati: Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. (177)
Hammurabi: the most important ruler for the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law
Syncretism: the development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental elements
Hannibal: Great Carthaginian general durring Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome HAD ELEPHANTS
Shah Jahan: Built the Taj Mahal for his wife
encomienda: A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)
Theravada: A sect of Buddhism focusing on the strict spiritual discpline originally advocated by the Buddha.
Zen: The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)
Akbar: Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)
Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494. Catholic Spain gets all of the Western Hemisphere except Brazil. Portugal gets Asia.
hundred years war: Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413)
medieval: Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)
Pax Mongolia: "Mongol Peace" is a phrase coined by Western scholars to describe the alleged stabilizing effects of the conquest of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory they conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries.
ziggurat: massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. (p. 37)
pastoral nomadism: followed heards of animals
Plebian: an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman republic
Pure Land Buddhism: one of the most important sects. it ws a type of Mahayana Buddhism.
Babylon: The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)
domestication: the practice of raising plants and animals for the use or consumption of humans; includes the choosing of species because of the their traits
Paleolithic: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. (p. 11)
Zen Buddhism: school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith
song empire: Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285)
Swahili: Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)
Zoroastrism: A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)
Vikings: Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted costal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries.
demography: the study of population
Slash and Burn: a farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops
Mercantilism: an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
paleolithic: second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC
Daoism: Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.
socratic method: way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves
caravel: A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)
Ibn Battuta: Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)
Crusade: Religious war
Nirvana: (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation
Ming empire: Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355)
byzantine: Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)
dhow: Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)
Bhagavad-Gita: The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185)
Caliph: ruler in Islam
Harem: living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household
Kubliai Khan: Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khgan in 1260; established Yuan dynasty in China
Muhammad (570-632 C.E.): Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)
Druids: The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)
Coercive Labor: a restraint or domination by force over human activity that provides the goods or services in an economy
Patriarchal: Male-dominated.
asante: African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)
gothic cathedrals: Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)
Matriarchal: the female head of a family or tribe
medina: City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)
Caliphate: Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)
boyars: russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counter parts in western europe.
renaissance: A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600 (445)
Shi Huangdi: Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)
Mahayana Buddhism: Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)
mamluks: Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. (236)
Punic Wars: 1. The Punic Wars are 3 wars between Rome and Carthage. In the 1st war Rome won, in the 2nd war Hannibal, an amazing general, invaded Italy and Rome attacked and won. Then Hannibal killed himself. In the 3rd war Rome's ship crashed and they used that as an excuse to start war, and Rome won and salted the Earth.
Westernization: Modernization. Russia (and Japan in 1867) used Western Europe as a model for change. Modernized nations became stronger and competed with Western Europe for economic and military power.
Junk: A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)
Illkhanates: kubali's brother Hulego established ilkhante in persia, looted city, exicuted the caliph and murdered thosands of peasants, 1258
gentry: In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)
diaspora: A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103
trans-Saharan Caravan Routes: Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)
Varna: (Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis)
Sufi: Wandering mystics wandering within Islam, responsible for expansion of Islam to Asia and other regions
Maya: Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucat?n Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. (p. 302)
Four Noble Truths: 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path
Empress Wu: Tang ruler 690-705 CE in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.
Henry the Navigator: (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)
Taj Mahal: Most famous architecutural achievment of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan
Socrates: Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He made enemies in government by revealing the ignorance of others. (133)
Justinian Code: the legal code of ancient Rome
tenochititlan: Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)
Black Death: An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)
Pericles: Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130)
enlightenment: A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)
Conquistadors: Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

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Number of cards 167