Unit Four APWH Vocabulary

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These are the Unit Four Vocabulary words (Chapters 21-27).

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Modernization: The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.
Decembrist revolt: place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.
Emilio Aguinaldo: Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Otto Von Bismarck: Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
Thomas Edison: American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
Electricity: A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.
Clipper ship: Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts.
Pan-Slavism: A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.
mercantilism: European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country
Socialism: Followers of this belief advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of labor parties in the late 1800s.
King Leopold II: King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).
Revolutions of 1848: Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.
positivism: A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Followers of this belief believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America.
Women's Rights Convention: An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exculsion from an international antislaery meeting. they met at Seneca Falls, New York to discuss women's rights.
Yamagata Aritomo: One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration.
"Separate Spheres": Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
Simon Bolivar: The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
George Washington: Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States.
Battle of Omdurman: British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns.
Crimean War: A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed
Jose Antonio Paez: A man who was very poweful but uneducated. He was a leader in South America because people trusted him.
Nationalism: Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, it was a force for unity in western Europe
Contract of Indenture: A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.
Enlightenment: A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.
Railroads: Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first of these were built in England in the 1830s. Success of these caused a building boom lasting into the 20th Century
Panama Canal: Ship canal cut in between North and South America by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to the host country on Jan 1, 2000.
Muhammad Ali: Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
Berlin Conference: Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.)
business cycles: Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence.
most-favored-nation status: A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories.
division of labor: Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity,
Karl Marx: German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).
National Assembly: French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Abolitionists: activists seeking to end the practice of slavery and the worldwide slave trade.
Benito Juarez: Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico
Taiping Rebellion: The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.
Sepoy: A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.
Indian Civil Service: The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.
Caste War: A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901.
Constitutional Convention: Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
Industrial Revolution: The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications
Personalist leaders: Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jose Antonio Paez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US.
Cecil Rhodes: British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.
Sokoto Caliphate: large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
utopian socialism: Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Followers of this belief hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla: Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.
Jose Maria Morelos: Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.
Francois Dominique Touissaint L'Ouverture: Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.
Menelik: Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).
extraterritoriality: Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.
"scramble" for Africa: Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
Tanzimat: 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.
steam engine: A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. This power was then applied to machinery.
Steel: A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.
electric telegraph: A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced similar systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores.
laissez faire: The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of this principles is Adam Smith's Weath of Nations
Opium War: War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
Crystal Palace: Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.
Benjamin Franklin: American intellectual, inventor, and politician. He helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution.
Durbar: An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire.
Suez Canal: Ship canal dug in between Egypt and the Middle East, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
Janissaries: Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme.
British raj: The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government.
Andrew Jackson: The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Development: In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education.
Meiji Restoration: The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
Acculturation: the adoption of the language, customes, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants
treaty ports: Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In these places, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.
Asante: African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. It participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902
New Imperialism: Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.
Declaration of the Rights of Man: Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Joseph Brant: Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.
James Watt: Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. An electrical measurement is named after him.
Underdevelopment: The condition experienced by economies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education.
"Legitimate" trade: Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade.
Free-Trade Imperialism: Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.
mass production: The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright.
Jacobins: Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
Slavophile: Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic People.
mechanization: The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes this was done to were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England.
Henry Morton Stanley: American reporter, came from a sad background, needed a father figure. "Dr. Livingstone, I presume" Became very close with D.L.
Maximilien Robespierre: Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.
Empress Dowager Cixi: Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.
Serbia: The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk.
Sepoy Rebellion: The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
Indian National Congress: A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
Submarine telegraph cables: Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866.
Liberalism: A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Victorian Age: Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people
Labor Unions: An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.
Congress of Vienna: Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napolean I (Bonaparte).
Nawab: A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor.
Colonialism: Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of their power.
Recaptives: Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status.
Estates General: France's traditional national assembly with representatives of three classes in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Their calling in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
Treaty of Nanking: Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
Muhammad Ali: Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
Anarchist: A person who believes government should not exist. People should be allowed to live freely in nature.
Afrikaners: South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.
Giuseppe Garibaldi: (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
Savorgnan de Brazza: Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo, in 1880.
gens de couleur: Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.
Bannermen: Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire.
Tecumseh: a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)
Richard Arkwright: English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.
Josiah Wedgwood: English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.
Zulu: A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.
Agricultural Revolution: The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled
Confederation of 1867: Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.
Young Ottomans: Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century.

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