S.S. Midterm Terms

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Kushans: pushed into central India from the northwest
Karakorum: Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227.
Zhu Xi: Most prominent of the neo-Confucian scholars during the Songol dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principals to everyday life and action.
untouchables: lowest social caste, people who preformed unskilled jobs
Hulegu: Chinggis Khan's grandson who renewed the Mongol assault on the rich centers of Islamic civilization
Berke: A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu and the growing power of the Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol advances into the Middle East.
Prester John: In legends popular from the 12th to 17th centuries, he was a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this ruler.
Yi: Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty; established in 1392; ruled Korea till 1910;restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence.
Khadijah: widow of a wealthy merchant; Muhammad worked for her and later married her
ulama: orthodox religious scholars
Chaldiran: site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids were severely defeated by the Ottomans; checked the western advance of Safavid empire; most fateful battle in Islamic history
Isfahan: Safavid capital
Ibn Batuta: Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records
Ramayana: deal with both real and mythical battles
consulado: merchant guild in Seville that worked in conjunction with the Board of Trade; controlled goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return
Neolithic (new stone) age: in time better tool use, somewhat more elaborate, social organization, still had population pressures
Coptic: the Christian church in Egypt
Catal Huyuk: the Neolithic village in southern Turkey; houses were made of mud bricks set in timber framework, crowded together with few windows
European style family: pattern involved late marriages, and a primary emphasis on nuclear families of parent and children rather than extended families characteristic of most agricultural civilizations
Ali: cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a
Abbasid: traced decent from Muhammad's uncle Al-Abbas, the frontier warriors openly challenged Umayyad armies in 747
Vedas: Aryan books of "knowledge"
Batu: ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.
Empress Wu: Tang Ruler in China; supported Buddhist establishment and tried to establidh buddhism as the state religon; had missionary statues of Buddha created.
Kautilya: wrote an important treatise on politics; was devoted to telling rulers what methods would work to maintain power
Battle of Kulikova: Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde; helped break Mongol hold over Russia
Abu Bakr: Muhammad's successor ruling from 632 to 634
Pure Land Buddhism: Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular amond the masses of Chinese society.
imam: successor of Ali
Zhenghe: Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded a series of expeditions to the Indian ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea between 1405 and 1433.
White Lotus Society: Secret religious society dedicated to overthrowing the Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resitance to Mongol rule.
Diocletian: Roman emperor from 284 to 305 CE; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection
Copts and Nestorians: Christian sects in Syria and Egypt
Marattas: western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century
Tatu: Mongol Capital of the Yuan dynasty; present day Bejing
Chandragupta Maurya: seized power along the Ganges River; became the first of the Mauryan dynasty of Indian rulers; maintained large armies
Almohadis: reformist group; essential to the penetration of Islam into sub-Saharan Africa
dharma: the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; the law of moral consequences
mfecane: wars of the 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa
Minas Gerais: General Mines; biggest and first gold mine found in Brazil; boosted the economy
Akbar: son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create a new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India
War of the Spanish Succession: Charles II died without an heir; other European nations backed various claimants to the throne in hope of winning the prize of the Spanish monarchy and all of their American colonies
Shi'a: supported Ali
encomienda: grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
Paul: under his guidance, Christians started to view themselves as part of a new religion rather than a reform of Judiaism
Taj Mahal: most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal
city-states: tightly organized system that was ruled by a king who claimed divine authority
Asante: empire that rose to power on the Gold Coast; made up of the Akan people
samurai: mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders.
Ifriqiya: what the Romans called Africa; Arabs used this word as the name for eastern north Africa
School of National learning: New Ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imporst such as Confuciansim; typical of Japan in the 18th century.
Guptas: established a large empire beginning in 320 CE; had no individual rulers as influential as the two Mauryan rulers
Chongzhen: Last of the Ming Emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City of Bejing.
Maghrib: Arab word for the lands in west Africa
Muhammad: prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; recieved relvation from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter died in 632
encomendero: the holder of an encomienda who was able to use the people as workers or to tax them
Mahayana: the east Asian form of Buddhism
Jesus of Nazareth: believed to be the son of God sent to earth to redeem human sin
Sinification: Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam.
stateless societies: organized around kinship or other forms of obligation; lack the concentration of political power and authority normally associated with a state
jihads: holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Islam faith
Vishnu: Hindu god of preserving
Indra: god of thunder
Chams: Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south.
haciendas: rural estates that became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy in many regions; produced primarily for consumers in America; produced grains, grapes and livestock
Confucius: Kung Fuzi; lived from 551 to 478 BCE; traveled throughout China preaching his ideas of political virtue and good gov., not a religious leader, Confucianism was a system of ethics and Confucian doctrine was recorded in the Analects
Recopilacíon: 1681; codified the laws into the basis for government in the colonies
Comunero Revolt: 1781; a result of the complaints against the government's control of tobacco and liquor consumption as well as rising prices and new taxes; rebel army almost took the capital; took place in Columbia or New Granada
viceroys: high-ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the king; had military, legislative and judicial power (got judicial power only if they had legal training)
Hongwu: First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name was Ju Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restorec position of scholar-gentry.
ideographic: writings with the use of symbols
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: author; poet; musician and social thinker; welcomed at the court of the viceroy in Mexico City where her beauty and intelligence were celebrated; gave up secular concerns to focus on spiritual matters
Maya: 400 CE; developed in present-day Peru and Bolivia
Bartolomé las Casas: Dominican friar; a conquistador turned priest that initiated the struggle for justice for Indians; he wrote letters to the Spanish crown explaining that the Indians were rational people who had never harmed the Christians unlike the Muslims; suggested that Africans were stronger and more adept to hard labor
Peloponnesian Wars: war between Athens and Sparta
Baghdad: capital of the Abbasid Empire
Ridda Wars: defeat of rival prophets and some of the larger clans which soon brought about the return of the Arabian tribes to the Islamic fold
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile: carried out a program of unification that sought to eliminate the religious and ethnic diversity in their kingdoms; when Granada fell, the Jews were ordered to convert or to leave the country
Hammurabi's code: established rules for courts of law, regulated property rights and duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crime
Muhammad of Ghazni: led a series of expeditions that began 2 centuries of Muslim raiding and conquest in northern India
Punic Wars: 3 Punic wars from 264-146 B.C. Rome fought the armies of the Phoenicians
Mu'awiya: the new leader of the Umayyads, proclaimed caliph in Jerusalem
monotheism: belief in one god
Julius Caesar: Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew the republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators
Nguyen: Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in Southern Vietnam to challenge the Trinh dynasty at Hanoi;kingdom centered on red and Mekong rivers with capital at Hue.
Xuanzong: Leading emperor of the Tang Dynasty in China who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion.
Middle Passage: traumatic slave voyage from Africa to the Americas
Chinggis Khan: elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of the northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest pf most of the Islamic world
capitaincies: strips of land given to Portuguese nobles to colonize and develop
Tupac Amaru: mestizo with direct link to the family of the Incas rebelled in Peru against the "bad government"
vodun: Haitian version of African religious practices
Ministry of Rites: Administrated examinations to students from Chines gov't schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars.
Nobunaga: Japanese daimyo; 1st to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed of the last of the Ashikaga shogunate;unified much of central Honshu under his command.
crusades: wars over the holy land
Sui: this dynasty briefly ruled before being followed by the Tang
Canton: One of the 2 port cities where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado: searching for mythical cities of gold, he penetrated the southwestern United States as far in as Kansas
Seljuk Turks: nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia took over the remaining portions of the Abbasid Empire
Qutb-ud-din Aibak: one of Muhammad of Ghur's slaves who seized power
El Mina: most important factory; heart of the gold-producing region of the forest zone
Sikhs: sect in northwestern India; early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to an anti-Muslim feeling
Olmec culture: displayed many impressive achievements; explored impressive artwork with precious stones such as jade; reiligious statues and icons blended humans images with those of animals
Mumtaz Mahal: wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal
Silla: Independent Korean kingdom in the southeast part of the peninsulal defeated Koguryo with the help of their chinese Tang allies; sumbitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; united Korea by 668.
Khmers: Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into the Mekong River delta region at the time of Vietnamese drive to the south.
Zacatecas: wealthy mining center in Mexico
Cicero: roman writer who expounded eloquently on political matters
moksha: the goal to be reunited with Brahma Nurgana
Wendi: Member of a prominent Chinese family during the period of 6 Dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; won support of the nomadic people of Northern China; Faounder of the Sui Dynasty.
Malacca: key to widespread conversion; replaced the fallen trading city of Shrivijaya
Medina: the city of the prophet Muhammad
Baibars: Commander of the Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.
stupas: spherical shrines devoted to Buddha
Hojo: Warrior family closely allied with the Minamota; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamota rulers who claimed to rule in name of the Japanese Emperor at Kyoto.
al-Ghazali: brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama
great marriage of Peru: Potosí and Huancavelica
Philip II of Macedon: won the Peloponnesian Wars and his son Alexander extended the Macedonian empire through the Middle East, across Persia to the border of India and southward to Egypt
William Wilberforce: British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of the English slave trade in 1807
Choson: Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 BCE
Socrates: encouraged his pupils to question conventional wisdom
griots: professional oral historians who also served as keepers of traditions and advisors to the kings; began their epic histories of Mali with Sundiata the "Lion Prince"
Muhammad the Great: extended the boundaries of the Songhay empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century
gold stool: symbol of an Asante union
Rio de Janeiro: port closest to the mines; became the capital of the colony Minas Gerais
southern song: Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; Culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.
Trung Sisters: Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions against the Chinese in Vietnam; revoly broke out in 39 CE; shows importance of Vietnamese women in the indigenous society.
jizya: head tax for nonbelievers of Islam
Chan Buddhism: Known as Zen Buddhism in Japan; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; appealed to the elite chinese.
reincarnation: Hindu belief in which souls do not die when bodies do, but pass into other beings either humans or animals. The soul arises to a higher caste or falls to an animal depending on the life the person leads
paleolithic (old stage) age: most of the 2 million plus years which our species have existed
Edo: Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Justinian: ruled from 527 to 565; tried to recapture the heritage of Rome; set up the Justinian Code that was his last effort to restore Mediterranean unity
asantehene: supreme civil and religious leader of Asante empire
Islam: major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on the prophecy of Muhammad
Potosí: largest mine of all located in upper Peru; produced 80% of Peruvian silver
Bakufu: Military gov't established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered in Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in the military gov't and samurai.
sufis: wandering mystics who sought personal union with Allah
Lesotho: southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization; less authoritarian government
Shi Huangdi: deposed the last Zhou emperor, made himself the soul ruler of China, established the Qin dynasty; tried to take away the power of the aristocracy, set up the bureaucracy, built the Great Wall of China
Kubilai Khan: Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271.
Ethiopia: defeated the kingdom of Axum; traded actively with the eastern Mediterranean
Great Zimbabwe: Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa
Upanishads: epic poems with more of a religious flavor
Kush: African kingdom that interacted with Egypt and invaded at some point
dhows: sailing vessels with lanteen sails
Din-i-Ilahi: religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India but it failed
Zhou: dynasty that ruled from alliances and regional families and princes
Council of the Indies: issued laws and advised the king in Spain
zakat: in the Muslim faith, a tax on charity
Dao: harmony avoiding excess and appreciating the balance of opposites
Li Yuan: Also known as the Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assasination of Yangdi; first emperor of the Tang dynsty; took the imperial title Gaozu
direct democracy: not rule through elected representatives, assembly met every 10 days; executive officiers, including judges were chosen for brief terms to control their power and they were subject to review by the assembly
sociedad de castas: based on racial origins; place of birth played an important role; Whites/Europeans were on top; African slaves/Native Americans were on the bottom and people of mixed origins were in the middle
Macao: One of the 2 port cities where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty.
Luzon: Northern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort.
Mongols: central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph
Pericles: aristocrat who ruled through wise influence and negotiation; helped restrain some of the more aggressive views of the Athenian democrats
galleons: large, heavily armed ships that carried the silver belonging to the crown
Taira: Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with the Minamota family; defeated after the Gempei Wars.
Qin: the dynasty started by Shi Huangdi
Adam Schall: Along with Mattea Ricci, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; worn few converts ot Christianity.
slash and burn agriculture: the burning of trees for farmland; cultivated the land for a few years, then moving on
Buyids: from Persia, invaded the heartlands of the Abbasid Empire and captured Baghdad
Khitans: Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to the Song but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humilitating treaties on the Song in the 11th century.
songhay: successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger Valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali
Sharia: Islamic law
Quran: written in Arabic; the holy book of Islam
footbinding: practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted womens movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
Sahara: farming took earliest root on the southern fringes of this desert
Deshima: Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter.
Timbuktu: port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; contained a library and a university
Teotihuacan: first great city in the Americas built by the Olmecs successors
Demak: trading city on the north coast of Java; Islam spread to this trading area
Wuzong: Chinese emperor of Tang Dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monastaries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology.
caravels: slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by the Portuguese; highy manuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.
Nadir Khan Afshar: soldier-adventurer following the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom
Treaty of Utrecht: 1713; recognized Bourbon family from France as the rulers of Spain; could not join kingdoms together to make one kingdom
Osman: first Ottoman leader; built a new empire based in Anatolia
Tang: 618 CE; sponsored one of the most glorious periods in Chinese history; Confucianism and the bureaucratic system were revived; the bureaucratic system became more elaborate
Kamasutra: the laws of love
Greek columns: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
Toyotomi Hideyoshi: General under Nobanga; succeeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.
Sail al-din: early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty
dhimmi: people of the book
Mahabharata: India's greatest epic poem
Jin: Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by the Jurchens in 115 after overthrowing the Liao dynasty; ended in 1234.
Yangdi: Second Member of the Sui Dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucianism examination system;responisble for the building of the Chinese canal system; assasinated in 618.
Han: dynasty that saw the consolidation of Chinese culture, Confucianism was established
candomble: Brazilian version of African religious practices
Alexandria: trading city in Egypt
Hangzhou: Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.
Yang Guifei: Royal concubine during reign of Yuanzong; introduction of relatives into imperial administration led to revolt.
Ming Dynasty: Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty of China in 1368; lasted until 1644; intially mounted huge trade expeditions throughout Asia, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within china.
civilization: have enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and a social hierarchy
Romance of the West Chamber Chinese: Novel written during the Yuan period; Indicative of the continued literary vitalirty of Chinese during Mongol rule.
Shah-Nama: book of kings
Tangut: Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226.
Devi: the Hindu practice of worshiping the mother goddess
Sepukku: Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.
Mindanao: Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim Kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.
Zhao Kuangyin: Founder of Song Dynasty; originally a general following the fall of the Tang he took the imperail title Taizu; failed to overcome the northern Liao kingdom that remained independant.
mullah: local mosque official and prayer leaders; supervised by the state
Damascus: the Umayyad's political center of communication and place of residence after Uthman's death
Ormuz: Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network
Mecca: located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea on the western coast of Arabia; a very important city to the faith of Islam
bands: groups in which nomadic people moved in
pharaoh: the king; possessed immense power; Egypt
Cyrus the Great: established a massive Persian Empire across the northern Middle East and into northwestern India
Muhammad of Ghur: put together a string of military victories that broguht the Indus valley and much of north central India under his control
Robert di Nobili: Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites at first; strategy later widely adapted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed.
Ju Yuanzhang: Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against the Yuan and founded the Ming Dynasty.
Martin Luther: nailed a document containing 95 theses to the door of castle church in Wittenberg
Taika Reforms: Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into absolute Chinese-style monarch; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.
grand vizier: overall head of imperial administration; often held more power than the real sultan; carried out day-to-day administration at the head of a large bureaucracy
Senate: most important legislative; consisted mainly of aristocrats whose members held virtually all executive offices in the Roman state
Yellow Turbans: Daoist leaders who promised a golden age that was to be brought about by divine magic
neo-Confucians: revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song Era China; great impact on dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese ruelrs and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.
Siddhartha Gutama: also known as Buddha and the enlightened one. He was born into the warrior caste, he accepted some Hindu beliefs (reincarnation) and rejected others such as the caste
Daimyos: Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of the Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates
Koguryo: Tribal people of North Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37BCE; adopted cultural sinification.
Tumens: Basic fighting units of the Mongols forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10.
Ogedei: 3rd son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his fathers death.
Abbas the Great: Safavid ruler that extended Safavid domain to its greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology
monsoon: seasonal rains
viceroyalties: created by Spain and located in the West Indies to control and carry out the laws from Spain
Ka'ba: one of the most revered religious shrine in pre-historic Arabia
Shintoism: Japan's religion
Muhammad ibn Qasim: only 17 and led more than 10,000 horse and camel mounted warriors into Sind to avenge the assault on Arab shipping
obeah: African religious practices
Harun al-Rashid: most famous of the Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependant on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession
Saladin: under him, the Muslims reconquered most of what was lost to the crusaders
Suriname: formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of a runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance
Rajput: regional princes in India
Huancavelica: mountain of mercury discovered by the Spanish in Peru; aided silver production
Hispaniola: first Spanish colony in the New World; established on the island of Santo Domingo
Osei Tutu: member of the Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in the Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire in 1701; utilized Western firearms
Jurchens: Founder of the Qin Kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern cina; annexed most of the yellow river basin and forced the Song to flee to the south.
Phoenicians: developed a great simplified alphabet that consisted of 22 letters, improved the Egyptians number system, set up colonies in north Africa
janissaries: Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated the Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of the Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence
Golden Horde: One of the 4 subdivisions of the Mongol empire after Chinggis Khan's death, originally ruled by his grandson Batu; territory covered much of what today is south central Russia
pyramids: tombs for the pharaohs of Egypt
Charles III: Spanish Bourbon monarch; desire for strong central government; goal was to revive Spain; French bureaucratic models were introduced; reformed the navy; system of taxation was tightened; new ships were built; convoy system was abandoned
Sunnis: supported the Umayyads
Tokugawa Shogunate: Founded in 1603 when Tokugawa was made shogun by Japanese emperor; ended the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan.
homo sapien sapien: the newest human breed of which all humans are descendents from; originated 240,000 years ago in Africa
bushi: regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administrated the law, supervised public work projects, and collected tax revenues; built up private armies.
Fulani: pastoral people who were spread across a broad area of the western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; launched a revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto
Augustine: Christian theologian and bishop in north Africa
consuls: shared primary executive power
polis: Greek word for city-state
The Tale of Genji: Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.
Trinh: Dynasty that ruled in North Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533- 1772; rivals of the Nguyen family in the south.
ziggurats: massive towers of Sumerian religious worship
peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain
nirvana: a world beyond existence itself, a realm where suffering and decay are no more
hadiths: traditions of the prophet
Nur Jahan: wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal Empire during later years of Jahangir's reign
Khagan: Title for supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes
Sundiata: "Lion Prince"; a brilliant leader whose exploits were celebrated in a great oral tradition
Humayan: son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly after
Mattea Ricci: Along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; worn few converts ot Christianity.
Neolithic Revolution: the development of agriculture
Hellenistic: culture derived from Greeks (Hellenes)
Byzantine Empire: eastern half of Roman empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople
Ashikaga Takuaji: Member of the Minamota family; overthrew the Kamakuro regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.
Babylonians: extended their empire, bringing civilization to other parts of the Middle East
letrados: university trained lawyers from Spain
Xi Xia: Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry.
Kuriltai: Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes was selected.
Pedro Alvares Cabral: leader of an expedition to India who stopped briefly on the tropical Brazilian shore; dyewood was the only thing that interested them
Punic Wars: war between Rome and Carthage
ayan: a wealthy and deeply entrenched landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule
Pedro de Valdivia: conquered the Araucanians of central Chile and set up the city of Santiago in 1541
Li Bo: Most famous poet of the Tang Era; blended images of the mudane world with philosophical musings.
Caste System: social classes (varna), enforced divisions, familar in agricultural societies
Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494; gave Castile all lands west of the line and Portugal got all lands east of the line including Brazil
amalgamation: used mercury to extract silver from the ore-bearing rock
creoles: Europeans born in the New World
Benin: large city-state; developed in the 14th century; power extended from the Niger river to modern Lagos; described by Europeans as a city of great population and broad avenues
Kabir: waever; played down the significance of religious differences and proclaimed that all could provide a path to spiritual fulfillment
order of Muslim empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal
shoguns: military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japn)
Wang Anshi: Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated for greater state control in society.
audencias: superior courts staffed by royal magistrates who helped make laws and apply them
Isma'il: Sufi commander who conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor
Axum: defeated the kingdom of Kush; later fell to Ethiopia; had contacts with the eastern Mediterranean world until after the fall of Rome
Great Trek: movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of South Africa to escape the influence of the British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal
Sumerians: 3500 B.C.E., developed a form of cuneiform, ziggurat, the wheel, polytheistic
Swazi: new African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane
Creole slaves: American-born descendants of saltwater slaves
amigos del país: friends of the country; small clubs and associations that met in many cities to discuss and plan reforms
Red Heads: name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear
Fujiwara: Japanese aristocratic family in the mid-9th century; exercised extreme influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial family.
Benedict: started a monastery among Italian peasants whom he lured away from the worship of the sun god Apollo
Luanda: Portuguese settlement on the coast south of Kongo where the Mbundu people were located; basis for the Portuguese colony Angola
Harappa and Mohenjo Daro: civilizations that emerged along the Indus River; houses had running water
Jinshi: Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese exam on all of Chinese literature; vecame immediate dignitaries and eligable for high offices.
Aryan: hunting and herding peoples from central Asia
Francis Xavier: Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in the 1540s with lowcaste and outcaste groups; made little headway among elites.
José de Gálvez: royal investigator sent to the Indies; spent six years in Mexico before returning to Spain to become the minister of the Indies and a chief architect of reform
pope: the bishop of Rome
cuneiform: writing based on wedged-like characters
Ashoka: Chandragupta's grandson; served as a governor of two provinces; enjoyed a lavish lifestyle
Mesopotamia: founded in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in part of the Middle East
khanates: 4 regional kingdoms that arose after the death of chinggis khan.
Ashikaga Shogunate: Replaced the Karamkura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336 to 1571; destroyeyd rival Yoshino center of imperial authority
Mehmed II: "The Conqueror"; Ottoman sultan responsible for the conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of the Byzantine Empire; converted Hagia Sophia into a mosque
Indies piece: Spanish word for a healthy African man
Junks: Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; became a dominant force in trade east of the Malayan Peninsula
Marquis of Pombal: Portugals' authoritarian prime minister; expelled Jesuits from his empire; abolished slavery in Portugal; removed Indians from missionary control and encouraged whites to marry them
saltwater slaves: African-born slaves; worth more money
Hernán Cortés: began an expedition to Mexico in 1519; conquered Tenochtitlan on the Aztec island in 1521 after murdering Moctezuma II
Royal African Company: chartered in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica and Virginia
Liao Dynasty: Founded in 907 by Nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; mantained independence from Song dynasty in China.
Dahomey: kingdom that developed among the Fon peoples; their access to firearms allowed them to create a political regime based on the slave trade
Shiva: Hindu god of destroying
Paulistas: hardy backwoodsmen from São Paulo; captured Indians and searched for precious metals
Mamluks: defeated the Mongols; Turkic slaves who ruled Egypt
Dutch trading empire: The dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monoply control on a limited number of products.
Huanghe (Yellow River): in China; developed in considerable isloation although there was some overland trading with India and the Middle East
demography: the study of population
Zoroastrianism: religion of the Persian empire
mawali: Muslim converts
Himalayas: the mountains of the northern India subcontinent
Zen Buddhism: Known as Chan Buddhism in China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty.
Aurangzeb: son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707
Flying Money: chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced robbery; 1st form of currency.
umma: community of faithful Muslims
Sanskrit: became the first literary language of the Aryan culture
Batavia: Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the ilsan of Java.
Mexico City: replaced Tenochtitlan as the new capital of Mexico
varnas: social caste; there are 5: the kshatriyas, brahmans, vaisyas, sudra, untouchables
Nzinga Mvemba: ruler of Kongo who converted his whole kingdom to Christianity with the help of Portuguese advisors and missionaries; enslavement of his people led to him trying to end the slave trade and limit Portuguese activities
Chabi: influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt the restrictive social conventions of the cxhines; died c.1281.
bodhisattvas: held that some people could maintain nirvana through their own meditation while choosing to remain in the world as saints and to aid others by prayer and example
al-Madhi: third Abbasid caliph; tried to end the opposition of the Shi'a to Abbasid rule
Timur-i Lamg: Also known as Tamerlane; leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in the 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched a series of attacks in Persia the fertile crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintergrated after his death in 1405
triangular trade: slaves were brought to the Americas, sugar/tobacco were brought to Europe and European products were sent to the African coast to begin the cycle again
Ramadan: the month in which Muslims fast
Stoics: emphasized an inner moral independence
gurus: Hindu mystics
Uthman: the third Muslim caliph
Shang Dynasty: ruled over the Huanghe valley; these rulers constructed massive tombs and palaces
Aristotle: stressed the importance of moderation and balance in human behavoir as opposed to the instability of much political life and the excesses of the gods themselves
Asian Sea Trading Network: Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of 3 zones: Arab zone based on glass carpets and tapestries; Indian zone based on cotton; and Chinese Zone based on paper porcelain, and silk.
Polynesian: these people had reached the islands of Fiji and Samoa by 1000 BCE
Allah: supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam
Goa: Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the Western Indian Coast; site for forcible entry into the Asian sea trade network.
Palmares: runaway slave kingdom in Brazil; resisted Portuguese and Dutch attempts to destroy it for a century; population of 8000-10,000 people
Battle of Siffin: Ali vs. the Umayyad forces
Paekche: Independent Korean kingdom in the Southeast section of the peninsula; defeated byrival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in the 7th century.
Battle of River Zab: Abbasid forces against the Umayyads
factories: forts and trading posts with resident merchants; established by the Portuguese along the African coast
karma: worldly pleasures
Babur: founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1707
Grand Canal: Built in the 7th century during the reign of Yangdi during the Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the North Cina palin with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.
Olympic games: athletic competitions Greek city-states joined together to compete and celebrate
Bronze Age: 3000 BCE; metalworking becomes a commonplace in the Middle East that dissipated the use of stone tools
wazir: chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils
shaykhs: leaders of tribes and clans
Umayyad: the tribe who founded Mecca
Silk Road: a network of trade routes through central Asia

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Deck Info

Number of cards 362