Chapter 18 in Earth and it's Peoples
Terms
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- mercantilism
- policies adopted by European states to promote their citizens' overseas trade and accumulate capital in the form of precious metals, especially gold and silver; strongly discouraged citizens from trading with foreign merchants and used armed force when necessary to secure exclusive relations
- what were the pieces of the new atlantic economy? Explain how each piece was necessary for the economy's success
- Sugar plantations, African slaves, and European capital. Sugar plantations brought in huge profits due to the growing popularity in Europe. African slaves provided the labor for the difficult process of cultivating sugar. European capital including chartered companies allowed private investors to distribute profit and risk and make the voyages necessary for transporting people and products possible.
- maroon
- Caribbean runaway slaves
- What was the life of a slave like on a West Indian sugar plantation in the eighteenth century? include details form slave's work lives as well as from their family and social lives.
- Had Sundays off, but then had to do their chores and take care of their own household things like their gardens. If rebellious, they would get iron muzzle, whipped, mutilated. deaths outnumbered births because carrying a child full term was difficult and keeping infant alive hard. life expectancy for males 23 years, females 25. Singing to keep them entertained and not focus on hard life, disease, dysentery, no recreation or relaxing. Great gang made of strongest slaves who did heavy work like breaking up soil, second gang made of elders and youth, and grass gang of children was responsible for weeding.
- How did the Saharans slave trade differ from the Atlantic slave trade?
- The Saharan trade did not include alcohol because it was against Muslim religious practices. The caffeine-rich kola nut was popular though. The Hausa, a major trading center, exported cotton and leather. Most slaves were soldiers or servants and they were more loyal than natives. Majority of slave women were concubines, servants, or entertainers. Many children were traded as well.
- plantocracy
- a small number of very rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land.
- Sugar cane was first grown in the West Indies by Spanish colonists shortly after 1500, but after 1600
- the West Indies received a renewed focus of colonization, this time by norther Europeans growing tobacco and other crops (pg 550) Also, by 1600 Brazil was the Atlantic world's greatest sugar producer. For note: it was in the late 1600's that sugar became the primary cash crop of the West Indies once again.
- seasoning
- Slaves went through a period of adjustment to a new environment, resulted in death from disease.
- driver
- priveleged male slave whose job was to ensure the gang did it's work
- Hausa
- Had trading cities in the central Sudan that attracted most of the caravans bringing textiles, hardware, and weapons- trading networks were similar to those coastal African traders commanded from the Atlantic trade, expect fot the absence of alcohol
- middle passage
- part of the Atlantic Circuit; transportation from Africa across the Atlantic
- discuss the role played by African traders and political leaders in the Atlantic slave trade. What steps did Africans take to control the trade with Europeans and how successful were they? How did the slave trade differ across different regions of Africa?
- African traders and leaders required the europeans to pay customs so they could keep their independence. They had laws that prevented the Europeans from conquering their land and states. African merchants were discriminating about what merchandise they received in return for slaves or goods accross the coast, some preferred bars of iron, certain textiles, or guns. The Africans increased their price of slaves as the demand increased. Some companies, to stay competitive had to include additional items like muskets and gunpowder, which added to African's military power. Sometimes they had to pay premium prices before getting the slaves. The Africans were successful in bargaining.
- Dutch West India Company
- private trading company, help fight for independence and carry conflict to Spain's oversea's possessions
- atlantic circuit
- from Europe south to Africa, the west to the Americas, the back to Europe. Traded European products to Africa in exchange for slaves, then slaves for plantation goods, and then sold plantation goods in Europe; goal was to make a profit on each leg of the trip
- Although tobacco was a New World plant long used by Amerindians,
- it was finding a new market among seventeenth-century Europeans despite individuals like King James I of England that deemed it harmful. (pg 550)
- atlantic system
- moved goods and wealth, as well as peoples and cultures around the Atlantic; the slave trade and plantation slavery were crucial pieces of this
- songhai
- West African Empire. Drew its wealth from the trans-Saharan trade and was ruled by an indigenous Muslim dynasty. Defeated by the Moroccans due to their firearms-
- Royal African Company
- established its headquarters at Cape Coast Castle, just east of Elmina on the Gold Coast; created by royal charter in 1672; the charter placed all English trade with West Africa in the hands of the company
- Describe the libes of free people in West Indian society in the eighteenth century.
- Top of free society were the wealthy owners of large sugar plantations. Second came less well off europeans. Then came free blacks, even though as numerous and in similar occupations. Many of them also had slaves.
- manumission
- legal grant of freedom by an owner
- In the 17th century Caribbean, indentured servants cost ____ as slaves
- less then or 1 half of slaves
- Compare and contrast the European mercantilist and capitalist systems.
- Capitalism opened things up more. Things like expansion of credit and the development of large financial institutions allowed individuals to spread profits and risk. Mercantilism tried to enforce limits. specifically countries tried to enforce monopolies on trade that would benefit the country.
- Which of the following does not describe the dutch west india company?
- In contrast the Dutch West India company chartered by the Dutch government in 1621 to carry their conflict for Independence from Spain to Spain's overseas possession. Very successful (little bit navy, little bit trading company).
- what were the effects of the middle passage on both slave traders and slaves?
- Slaves were compaced in boats so tightly, so disease was spread and took the lives of many. Some slaves developed psychological depression and refused to eat or willfully killed themselves. Mutinies were rarely successful. Smallpox and malaria were spread, although slaves were resistent to malaria and often crew members suffered as many deaths as slaves.
- Give a detailed description of the atlantic circuit
- Was the trading system that was a clockwise network of sea routes. It began in Europe, ran south to Africa, west across the Atlantic to the Americas, and back to Europe. Mariners depended on the prevailing winds, and currents. 1st leg carried metal bars, hardware, guns, cotton textiles- trade for West African gold, ivory, timber. Slaves were purchased and taken to plantation colonies (Middle Passage) 3rd leg plantation goods from the colonies returned to Europe. Each leg carried goods from were they were abundent and cheap to where they were scarce and valubale.
- The expansion of sugar plantations in the west indies required
- required a sharp increase in the volume of the slave trade from Africa.
- Chartered companies were
- made to promote national claims without government expense by giving groups of private investors monopolies over trade to their west indies colonies in exchange for annual fees.
- Bornu
- central Sudanese kingdom; sold many of the slaves it captured in war for firearms, yet retained many for themselves; the Bornu king Mai Ali is said to have made a pilgrimage to Mecca with an entourage of fifteen thousand slaves as a display of the kingdom's power
- capitalism
- Expansion of credit, development of banks, stock exchanges, and chartered trading companies
- chartered company
- France and england gave groups of private investors monopolies over trade to their west indies colonies in exchange for the payment of annual fees.