Chap. 6 Quiz World History I
Terms
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- Greek colonies
- farming, S Italy & Sicily
- Greeks introduced through colonies
-
olive trees & grape vines
alphabet - why Greeks colonized
- mild climate, central location, rich soil
- Geography of Italy
- 3/4 mountains & foothills, plains w/ silt-enriched soil, mountain streems, swamps, rocky & marshy coast
- affect of silt
- blocked mouthes of rivers -> mosquito-infested swamps -> malaria epidemics
- effect of mountains
- traded among selves, cut off by alps (N)
- affect of coast
- rocky & marshy -> few harbors -> attached to land -> turned to sea to incrase trade
- 1st people in italy
- neolithic villiges & farmes, moved when exausted the land
- after neolithic
- Indo-europeans - overwhelmed Neolithics
- Indo-Europeans
-
Umbrians - N
Latins - Central plain - Latium
Oscanins - Etruscan location
- ruled N italy from plains of Etruria
- Etruscan language
- not indo-european, Greek alphabet, only able to decifer few words
- Etruscan wall paintings
- dance & play music -> rich & plesent life
- Etruscan Sculpture
-
men & women feast & converse
victorious soldiers
beautiful deities smlie & gesture
homes of wealthy - Etruscan society
-
Wealthy overlords
aristocratic priests
slaves of conquered peoples - Etruscan slaves
- provide comfort for overlords, sacrifices or fights to the death to appease gods, many revolts
- Latins main city
- Rome
- reality of formation of rome
- straw roofes huts on 7 hills join
- Etruscan rulars
- Tarquins - wealthy etruscs family
- Etruscans taught romans
- how to build w/ brick & roof w/ tile & religion
- Etruscans improved rome
- drained marshes & laid city streets, built tempes, mad one of weltiest cities in Italy
- Forum
- square in center of city, seat of roman gov.
- End of etruscan rule
- Tarquin the proud - cruelty angerd romans - drove tarqins out
- patricians
- nobles
- republic
- community were people elect leaders
- plebians
- citizens
- citizenship in republic
- Patricians & plebians, vote, pay taxes, serve in military
- Assembly of cenuries
- (did) elected oficers of executive branch
- Senate
- 300 patrician men, surved for life, advised consuls, foreign policy, made laws, approved construction contracts
- consuls
- 2 patricains, 1 yr. terms, veto other's decisions
- praetors
- judges
- censors
- keepers of tax & pop. records
- dictator
- temporary in time of crisis, 6 months
- Cencinnatus
- dictator, plowing, defeated enemy, plowing 16 days later
- plebian unrest
- resented lack of power, knew patricians couldn't have republic w/out them, refused to fight in army unless changed
- tribunes
- plebian chosen reps., veto gov. decsions
- assembly of tribes
- body of plebians who elected tribunes, eventually power to make laws
- Religion
- renamed greek gods, etruscan influence
- soothsayers
- priests - bleieved gained knowlege of future flight of birds & animal intestines
- basic unit of society
- families
- households included
- unmarried kids, married sons & famiies, slaves
- paterfamelias
- absolute authority, sell or kill family, supervised edu. of sons, responsibilty for welfare
- republic wives
- few leagal rights, ran households, sometimes own property
- wealthyrepublic women
- slaves did work, study Greek literature, arts & fasion
- lower-class republic women
- houseold tasks, family run shops
- republic education
- all - rading, wrighting, moral standards; boys - by fathers to be farmers & soldiers; girls - by mothers to run household
- republic values
- trift, discipline, self-sacrifice, devotion to family
- legions tactics
- 1st - phalanx, realized were large & slow
- rule of conquered people
- mild, some - keep gov if help fight enemies, partial rights, some citizens
- colonia
- perminant military settlements, throughout italy
- Carthage
- Med. welthiest city, conquered sp coast, Punici
- cause of 1st punic war
- carthage tretened to get stright of Messina (between italy & sicily)
- 1st punic war
-
Carthage - better fleet
rome - built larger fleet & grappling hooks - navel battles like land battles - effect of 1st punic war
- carthage paid indemity - for damages
- Hannibal
- father made swear to hate & defeat rome, huge army, through alps - serprise,
- effect of 2nd punic war
- carthage gave up lands in sp, most of warships & indemnity
- cause of 3rd punic war
- carthage no threat - rome forced war
- Cato
- senetor, "carthage must be destroyed!"
- 3rd punic war
- burned carthage & sold people to slavery
- effect of 3rd punic war
- Rome control all Med.
- "mare nostrum"
- our sea
- discontent after punic wars
- politicians corrupt
- seizing of land
- from small farmers-dificult to rebuild- agricuture into a buisiness, large estates
- latifundin
- arge estates, many slaves
- affect of slaves
- less jobs -> went to cities -> urban poor -> rich/poor gap widened -> danger of revolts
- Sparticus
- slave revolt, gladiators, defeated legions, greedy, defeated & crucified
- Tiberious Gracchus
- tribune, limit size of latifunda & distribut land to poor, opposes killed in planned street fight
- Marius
- consul, professional army w/ alligence to comander not republic
- Sulla
- rival of marius - exiled him, had self appointed dictator
- Ceasar born
- Rome, aristocratic family
- 1st triumvirate
- Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
- Pompey married
- Caesars' only daughter - Julia
- Caesar's initial gov. position
- Counsul
- caesar's campiegns
-
Gallic wars - conquered
fought germanic tribes
invaded britain
mad hero w/ lower classes - 1st triumvirate fell apart
- crassus killed in battle, julia died
- crossing the rubicon
- senate orderd to com back & disband army if wanted to run for senate, legend - vision told to cross, now - decision that can't be undone
- Ceasar came into full power
- captured all italy, defeated pompery in greece
- ceasar's death
- Mach 15, 44 BC - Ides of march, popular, senetors stabbed to death - plot to be king - kill w/out trial
- 2nd triumvirate
-
divided empire -
Marck Anthony (Greece + E)
Octavion (Italy + W)
Marcus Lepidus (N Africa) - 2nd triumvirate end
- Oct forced Lep to retire, Athony married cleopatra, Oct convince planned to rule w/ foreign queen, declared war on Anthony
- Actium
- Naval battle, Oct forces defeated Anthony's + Cleopatra's -> A - killed self, C - askes to retire & have son rule Egypt - refused, killed self
- Latins
- Tiber R, Rome - good location - middle of sea middle of boot, hill
- Romulus & Remus legend
- twin sons of Mars & latin princess, abandoned on bank of tiber, raised by wolf, built city on spot, Rom kills Rem - romans like - don't mess w/ us!
- serve in legions
- all landownig citizend had to
- "eagle"
- legion flag, discrac to loose, each - name & nickname
- legion armor
- helmet, shield, gladius-short sword, Pilium - javalin
- carthage gave yup after 1st punic war
- Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia - rich land
- Gaius Gracchus
- tribune, new court b/c of corruption, low cost of grain, killed in planne dstrre fight
- effect of gracchi
- gov stoped all land reform, showed couldn't solve problens peacefully
- Octavian's tiltles
-
princeps - "1st citizen"
Augustus - "exalted one" - roan coin
- denarius
- roads
- transport fo legions, layered sand, rock, small stpones 7 concrete
- Appian way
- cut stones, no concrete,work of art
- Silk road
- rome to china
- Augustus did
- census, low cost grain, publc buildings, self-gov in provinces
- praetorian guard
- guar emprer, 9 cohorts
- problem of empire
- no way to choose new empoers
- Julian emporers
- Tiberious, Caligula, Claudios, Nero
- Tiberious
- accused many of treason
- Caligula
- mentally ill, fav. horse consul, killed by guard
- Claudius
- conquest of britain
- Nero
- mentally ill, persecuted christians, seuicide
- Flavians
- Vespasian, Titus, Domitan
- The Good emporers
- Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius
- Trajan
- born in Sp.,conqusts, forum
- Hadrian
- "'s wall, Pantheon
- Marcus Aurelius
- Stoicism - Mediations
- emporers
- Julian, Flavian, Good
- family less sig. in empire
- father - less power, fewer childern, more divorse & remarry
- empire women
- own property, testify in court, public roles/power (rich), go to public baths/plays/festivals/gladiator fights
- empier slavery
- 1/3 of pop, conquered people, important to economy, rebelions never worked
- gladiators
- salves/prisoners of war/criminals, trained by lanista, sometimes to death, schools, criminal free if servived 3-5 yrs, some female
- Galen
- medical encyclopedia
- Pliny the elder
- geogrphy, zoology, botany, died from vesuvious ash
- romance langs
- frenc, spanish, romanian, portugues, italin
- Anniad
- Virgil, rome's heroinc past, trojan - Annias - founded rome
- Tacitus
- historian, condemed tyrany
- Livy
- history - glorified romans
- imperial law
- same for cit + non", all equal before law, evidence to prove guilty, inocent untill proven guilty, punished fro actons
- Palentine hill
- center of rome
- concerete
- cement + sand + water + gravel
- central heating
- terra cota tubes from central fernace
- baths
- huge buildings, manny rooms, men & women separte, most free, some - entrance fee, entertainment, like mall
- imperial art
- realistic, axept idealized emporers
- glass
- decorative & functional, blowing
- Coliseum
- awning, seated by gendre & class, filled w/ water to renact naval battles, chamers underground, elevators
- Cicus Maximus
- violent chariot races
- "bread & circuses"
- free food & entertainment
- empire gap rich/poor
-
rich - extravagant
most - barly necesities - Panteon
- temple o all gods, striscanm dome, chamber - rotunda, openia - let in light