CH 21

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Explain how the European relationship with China changed from astonishment and admiration to criticism and frustration?: It started out that trading companies and missionaries entered--at the beginning it was hard for them to come, but soon they were converting the upper class. Matteo Ricci was a Jesuit that was very educated in the Chinese language and culture and helped lead the christian efforts. Foreign trade was encouraged by Kangxi and Qianlong. They were open to new ideas and technologies and welcomed Jesuit advisors. Also increased in knowledge with science.
During the twelfth century, japan had a decentralized political situation best described as: anarchy
Who helped negotiate an act of settlement between Russia and China?: Jesuit Missionaries. Kangxi was in control
What was the main reason for population decline in the rural areas of Ming China?: Growing rebellion within and the rising power of the Manchu outside China's borders.
Siberia: Northeastern part of Asia, including Kamchatka peninsula and present Russian coast of th Arctic Ocean, Bering Strait, and Sea of Okhotsk.
Explore the different approaches to imperial rule in Japan, China, and Russia between 1500 and 1800. What sorts of politcal structures emerged to administer and incorporate the different peoples of these regions? What were the infrastructural needs of these empires?: Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate sought a centralized political system, strongly dependent on rice for transactions, a rise in the merchant class, strict control of trade with other nations, tried to limit influence and power of merchants (but failed).
Among the cross-cultural intellectual exchanges between China and Europe, variolation was: A way to stem the spread of smallpox--which later inspired development of other vaccines in Europe. Asians purposely infected themselves with a small case of smallpox by snorting dried scabs of smallpox. 1% - 2% died from doing this as compared to 30% who died naturally when infected by smallpox.
How did the Russian Empire emerge to be one of the major powers of Europe by 1750?: Military reform, Building the infrastructure, Expansion of territory, Reorganization of the bureaucracy, Relocation of the capital.
The VOC (Dutch East India Company) representatives gained the favor of the Chinese emperor by: performing the kowtow
Which of the following did not contribute to Tokugawa Japan's instability?: The following did:
Using map 21.3, explain how geography limited Russia's ability to build a navy and to maintain trade.: Russia is mostly cold, and their water ways are frozen, they needed a warm body of water for a navy to take affect
Tokugawa Shogunate: Last of three shogunates of Japan (1603-1868). a centralized military government that ended the daimyo warfare.
Refer to Map 21.1 and trace the expeditions of the Manchurians into neighboring areas. What political and military advances did they make, and what was accomplished?: The Ming brought Manchu troops into China to stop the Japanese invasion. However, with their defenses severely weakened, the chinese could not fend off the Manchurian troops who had recently conquered Korea. In their weakened state Chinese rebel Li Zicheng captured Beijing.. Manchu leaders recaptured Beijing at the request of Chinsese rulers and then began the Qing Empire under Manchurian rule.
A ronin was: a "masterless samurai"
Refer to Map 21.1 and locate the Amur River, Mongolia, Nerchinsk, and Siberia. Describe the conformation between Russia and China and explain how this border dispute was settled.: In the 1680s Kangxi, who was ruling the Qing empire, sent forces to attack Russian forces near the Amur river multiple times. The Chinese frequently spied on the Russian forces there and greatly desired to control trade at the river. In 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk fixed a border between the two countries and regulated trade across it.
Durig the Qing Empire, what new item(s) or idea(s) did Europe NOT gain from China?: They DID gain: vaccine-like things "variolation", silk, porcelain, tea, cloisonne jewelry, tableware, laquered and jeweled room dividers, painted fans, carved jade and ivory, WALLPAPER, political philosophy regarding ideas of rulers that were against superstition and ignorace, curved the excesses of the aristocracy, and patronized science and the arts.
The Japanese response to the Society of Jesus of the Jesuits was: The Japanese response to the Society of Jesus of the Jesuits was
Qing Empire: Established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644.
What problem did the British face with China's "Canton system"?: The chinese wouldn't change their system, they didn't value diplomatic ties, had no use for britain's ingenous devices and manufacturers, and consequently china was considered pretty to look at but out of touch with the world, despotic, and self-satisfied.
The "gunpowder revolutions" occurred when: Japan's civil conflicts arose in the 16th century because of the western-style firearms they adapted from the Portuguese.
serfs: Agricultural laborer legally bound to a property and obligated to perform services for the lord. russian serfs also worked as artisans and in factories.
Why did Peter the Great attempt to Westernize russia?: To strengthen the Russian state and increase power of the tsar.
The predominant religion in the eastern Russian empire was: Islam
Manchu: Federation of northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire following the decline of the Ming Empire.
daimyo: Japanese warlords and great landowners whose armed samurai gave them control of Japanese islands.
The princes of Muscovy organized a movement of conquest and expansion against the: Golden Horde (the Mongol Khanate)
Using Map 21.3, find Moscow and St. Petersburg and explain why St. Petersburg was the "window on the West.": St. Petersburg was made to demonstrate Russia's new sophisitication, and western architechts built the houses and public buildings in the new baroque style. He wanted to force Europe to recognize his power.
After the period of civil wars ended in Japan,: a more centralized military government was established; the Tokugawa Shogunate.
What European organization was a transmitter of science and technology to China?: Jesuits
Cossacks: People of the Russian empire who live outside the farming villages as herders, mercenaries, etc. Led the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th century.
Peter the Great: Russian Tsar that introduced Western languages and technologies to Russian elite.
One result of the "Great Northern War" was: His modernized arimes b roe swedish control of the Baltic Sea, establishing more direct contacts between russia and Europe.
Amur River: Contested river valley between northern China and eastern Russia until the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689).
Who was Matteo Ricci?: An outstanding Jesuit of the late Ming China who became an expert in chinese language and and was an accomplished scholar of the confusion classics
The Cossacks were: They belonged to close-knit bands, superb riders and fighters, and were feared by both villagers and the legal authorities. Made temporary allegiances with many rulers but were most loyal to their bands and to whoever was currently paying for their military services. Important allies in expansion of the Russian Empire. Founded all major towns of Russian Siberia.
Kangxi: Gained formal control of government at the age of 16. Was an intelectual prodigy who mastered classical Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian at an early age.
Using Map 21.3, find the land of the Cossacks and explain who they were and what their importance was to the Russian Empire.: Cossacks needed to take over Siberia
How did the growth of a centralized Russian Empire affect the peasants?: As centralized power rose, the freedom of the peasants fell. Law and custom permitted peasants to change masters during a two-week period each year. which encouraged Lords to treat them well. They had to escape war, Soon became Serfs and were permanently with one Lord. About half of russia was serfs. Life sucked.
Which empire replaced the Ming Empire of China?: Qing
According to the Russian census of 1795, over half the population were: Serfs
How did the Tokugawa Shogunate fall into decline and crisis?: over populated in well developed lands; little economic growth in central Japan compared to outer provinces; shogunate unable to stabilize rice prices and halt economic decline of samurai while curbing growing power of merchant class.
Macartney Mission: the unsuccessful attempt by the British empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire
How did Russia combine different cultural elements in its empire? Use the Cossacks as an example.: As for Peter being "great", that is based on opinion. Russia's early days had been shaped by the Byzantine Empire, and when the Byzantine's power faded, so did that of the early Russian tsars. Peter focused on expansion and modernization. His implementation of Westernization changed Russia socially and economically; reorganized the government and changed military offices to merit, not birth. Peter was popular in western Europe as an absolutist ruler.
In 1592, after years of civil war, Hideyoshi: invaded Asia; primarily Korea and Manchuria
What internal and external pressures did Japan face during its period of reunification? How did Japan deal with these challenges?: Internal: The daimyo still had a lot of power under the Tokugawa Shogunate but in order to keep them from disintegrating, the shogun required daimyo to frequently visit Edo (capital) which required good roads to link cities. External: Portuguese and Spanish trade brought Catholicism to Japan. The shogunate decreed Japanese Christians to be hostile to the government, thus persecuting, killing and smothering out Christianity from their country. strict European immigration imposed and trade with Europe was ended.
Population growth in China in the 1700s led to: Social and environmental problems.
The motivation for Russian expansion to the east was: to find a path of "least resistance" to expand and get more resources--in this case Siberia had lots of animals with profitable fur to sell
The British Macartney mission was an attempt to: show Britain's great interest in the Qing empire as well as the EIC's desire to revise the trade system, because Britain needed the trade to help the EIC not go bankrupt.
One of the consequences of Japanese aggression in the sixteenth century was: The battles in Manchuria weakened the Chinese garrisons there, permitting Manchu opposition to consolidate. Manchu forces invaded Korea in the 1620s and eventually compelled the Yi to become a tributary state. The Manchu would be in possession of Beijing by 1644.
Merchants from which country were the first to arrive in East Asia?: Portugal
The main form of economic exchange in the Tokugawa Shogunate was: rice
The Treaty of Nerchinsk: This treaty fixed the border along the Amur River and regulated trade across it. Important since the frontier it demarcated has long endured. Between China and Russia.
Muscovy: Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination.
the greatest Romanov tsar was: Peter the Great
The growth of the early Qing Empire was fueled by the desire to create an economic and demographic recovery in China. What did the Qing government do to stimulate that recovery?: by repairing roads, lowering transit taxes, making incentives for resettlement of areas disturbed by rebellions during Ming period, and fostering foreign trade, especially a relationship between China and Europe.
the new city that was to be Russia's "window on the West" was: Saint Petersburg
Which of the following statements about China and Russia is NOT true?: both suffered large economic depression in the 18th Century
Ming Empire: Zhu Yuanzhang established in China after the overthrow of Yuan Empire (1368-1644). The Forbidden City and voyages of Zheng He occurred during this empire.
To gain converts, the Jesuits made what compromise?: Their toleration of confuscian ancestor worship. Caused the decline in Jesuit presence in China because the pope wouldn't tolerate it.
Although European enthusiasm for Chinese trades was high,: It developed more slowly, especially at the imperial court.
tsar: Russian title for monarch. First used for the Russian ruler Ivan III
Ural Mountains: These mountains divided Russia and Asia--Russian ruled the largest state in Europe and large territories on the Asian side of these mountains in the late 1600s
samurai: Military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate
Under the Qing, Europeans were permitted to trade only at: Canton
The Japanese called their warriors: samurai
In the 1630s the Japanese government: issued a series of decrees ordering an end to European trade and strict immigration imposed

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