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history1301.1

Terms

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Cahokia
40,000 people, 100 ceremonial mounds; larger population than london in the 13th century, made up of different classes (religious, working, aristocrats, etc.) for reasons that we are not clear about populations began to disappear in the 15th century(before columbus arrived) and moved into smaller groups
Mississippians
Emerged in mississippi valley in 9th century, followed development of bow and arrow, new strains of maize, and flint hoes; mound-builders - for relgious beliefs, astronomical purposes (like stone hinge); developed fortified cities (with walls); needed to fortify b/c they had enemies b/c they conquered cities, local chiefdoms
Iroquois Confederation
Iroquois Confederation - were not civilized but they were confederated (unified); in the beginning they hated eachother, always fighting; Hiawatha's story: family was massacred, his wife and children were brutally murdered. goes crazy; became hermit and cannible. one day according to legend and looks down the chimney; saw a reflection in the water at the bottom and saw what he had become. did not like what he saw and the wise man he was after consoled him. he then became a peacemaker for the iroquois. he is the one that established the confederation with 5 of the tribes
Beringia
Beringia - the area comprising the Bering Strait and adjacent parts of Siberia and Alaska
Bartolomeo de Las Casas
Bartolomeo de Las Casas - was a priest. Destruction of the Indies (1540) written by las casas; he protested against the treatment of the Indians from spaniards, killing men woman children: the spaniards would cut pregnant women open, take the baby out and throw it on spears. He blamed Spanish aggression, greed, and cruelty for 15 million West Indian deaths. He was especially critical of encomienda system. example(ex.) Cortez got the crown that granted him the right to 300 indian workers in exchange for their labor he would have to educate and christianize them. This was consistent with Spanish racism and spirit of re-conquest. This led to sweeping reforms and curtailment of encomienda system
encomienda
encomienda - a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area. In return he would have to educate and christianize them.      
virgin soil epidemics
virgin soil epidemics - Mortality rates were so high b/c indians had not built immunities to diseases brought over, caregiver were infected, and it was compounded by simultaneous or successive epidemics. The social and environmental factors were, counterproductive treatments, no knowledge of quarantine, belief in fatalism and despair, poverty and poor nutrition, stress, and settlement patterns. Bottom Line: not an issue of biological inferiority, but a complex set of circumstances.
ecological imperialism
ecological imperialism - the colonization of the new world was not just a human process but involved entire ecosystems. The only way settlers were successful in colonizing was when they could bring their whole ecosystem with them(including seeds and diseases. This led to deforestation, climate change, flooding, and erosion. Conquest and colonization accompanied by entire European biological family.
King Philip’s War
King Philip’s War - was an armed conflict between Native Americans and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675-1676. The spark that ignited King Phillip's War was a report from an adviser to King Philip named John Sassamon. Sassamon tried to warn Colonial officials that King Philip was going to arrange an attack on colonial settlements. Before colonial officials could investigate the charges, John Sassamon was murdered; his body was found beneath an ice-covered pond, allegedly killed by a few of Philip's Wampanoag, angry at his betrayal. Was the bloodiest war in the U.S. up until the civil war. About 1/2 of New Englands indians were killed or deported.
Mystic Massacre
Mystic Massacre - caused by conflicts over fur trade; 600-700 burned alive, mostly women and children. John Mason “God ‘launched his enemies and the enemies of his people to scorn making [the Pequot] as a fiery Oven....Thus did the Lord judge among the Heathen, filling [Mystic] with dead Bodies”. This changes the idea of a trade war to a holy war.

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