U.S. History Ch. 21
Terms
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- Cold War
- The era of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from 1946 to 1990
- What was Rusia concerned with after WWII
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Security- they wanted to make other countries weak
Economy- they thought capitalist countries would try to replace communism with capitalism - Why did America want to spread capitalism?
- They thought capitalism was the best economic system to avoid depression, which had caused WWII
- What was the first issue discussed at the Yalta Conference?
- Poland
- What was the issue with Poland at the Yalta Conference?
- After the Russians liberated Poland, there were too groups trying to govern it: the pre-war govt, and the Russian-backed communists
- What agreement was reached about Poland at the Yalta Conference?
- Roosevelt and Churchill would recognize the communist Polish government, but it would include members of the prewar govt. Free elections would be held as soon as possible.
- What did the Declaration of Liberated Europe say?
- The people of a country have the right to chose whatever type of government they want.
- Which four countries controlled Germany?
- America, Great Britain, France, Russia
- How did the Russians disobey the Declaration of Liberated Europe?
- They forced Romania to have a Communist government, and refused to appoint more that three non-communist Poles to their 18-member government, and would not hold free elections in Poland
- What was Truman's policy toward Russia?
- To stand up to them and not let them have their way.
- What occured at the Potsdam Conference?
- America and USSR decided what to do with Germany
- What was Truman's plan about Germany?
- To not force reparations on Germany, make them pay it back in trade goods and products. Russia could take what they want out of their side of Germany, but let the other parts become industrialized before they are charged with reparations
- Why was Stalin forced to accept the Truman's deal?
- Since American troops controlled Germany's heartland, Russia would not get any reparations unless they accepted the deal
- What was discussed at Potsdam
- Germany, Russia's commitment to uphold the Declaration of Liberated Europe
- What were Communist countries in Eastern Europe called?
- Satellite nations
- What was meant be the "iron curtain"
- The division of social and military powers in Europe between Capitalism and Communism
- What was the Long Telegram?
- A long cable message explaining George Kennan views of the Soviet goals
- What were Kennan's views of Soviet goals?
- The Soviets' view of the world came from a sense of insecurity and fear of the West, and the struggle against Capitalism.
- What did Kennan propose as a strategy to deal with the Russians?
- A long-term and patient vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Also, contain communism through diplomatic, economic, and military actions
- What happened during the crisis in Iran?
- Russia refused to withdraw their troops from Iraq until America showed force.
- Who was Dean Acheson
- A presidential advisor who told Truman to intervene in Stalin's conquest of Turkey, because he thought they were trying to take over the middle east
- What happened in Greece
- Greek guerillas attacked the Greek government. Britain tried to back the govt., but ran out of money.
- What was the Truman Doctrine?
- A policy to aid free peoples who are resisting outside pressures. Basically, to fight communism worldwide.
- What was the Marshall plan?
- Gave aide to European nations whose economies were destroyed by the war, to help rebuild them.
- Why was West Germany founded?
- America concluded that the Soviets were trying to destroy Germany's economy, so they merged there sections with England and France to form a separate country.
- What was the purpose of the Berlin Airlift?
- To get food into West Berlin to keep the people there alive without starting a war.
- NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization- each country had to come to the aid of the others
- Warsaw Pact
- A military alliance formed by the USSR in Eastern Europe
- Mao Zedong
- Communist leader struggling against Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist forces
- Year the communists took over in China
- 1949
- Which country was the key to defending from communism in Europe
- West Germany
- Which country was the key to defending from communism in Asia
- Japan
- Why did the UN act in Korea
- The Soviet UN member was not there to vote against it, since he was boycotting because of the China situtation
- What port was near where the South Koreans and Americans were driven back into
- Pusan
- What was the pocket called that S. Korean and American forces were driven into
- Pusan perimeter
- Where did MacArthur land in Korea
- Inchon
- What river separates China from Korea
- Yalu River
- What were MacArthur's demands for Korea
- Expand the war against China: a blockade of Chinese ports, use of Chiang Kai-Shek's forces, and bomb China with atomic weapons
- Limited War
- A war fought to achieve limited objective
- Subversion
- the effort to secretly weaken a country and overthrow its government
- Igor Gouzenko
- The Russian spy who defected and told of the effort by the Soviet Union to find out about the atomic bomb
- Loyalty Review Program
- Screened all federal employees for communists
- J. Edgar Hoover
- The FBI director who wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion.
- HUAC
- House Unamerican Activities Committee- formed to investigate both Communist and Facist activites in the US
- Whittaker Chambers
- Testified to the HUAC about several government officials that were former Communists or spies
- Alger Hiss
- Accused by Chambers of being a Communist, denied it and accused of lying under oath
- Pumpkin papers
- The papers that showed the evidence that Hiss was a communist
- Perjury
- Lying under oath
- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- Members of the communist party who were charged with heading a Soviet spy ring.
- Klaus Fuchs
- A British scientist who admitted sending information to the Soviet Union
- Venona
- The project to crack the Soviet spy code
- Taft-Hartley Act
- Required union leaders to take oaths that they were not communist
- CIO
- Congress of Industrial Organizations- expelled organizations that did not remove Communist leaders for their organization
- Joseph R. McCarthy
- Accused people of being Communist or in communist spy rings
- How did McCarthy win his election in 1946
- He accused his opponent of being communistically inclined.
- The Party of Betrayal
- The booklet McCarthy distributed, accusing many Democrat leaders of corruptions and of protecting communists
- McCarran Act was also know as
- Internal Security Act
- McCarran Act
- Made it illegal to contribute to the establishment of communism in America. Also, Communists had many restrictions
- McCarthyism
- A search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fears, unfounded charges
- Censure
- Formal disapproval
- For every person killed by a nuclear blast, how many would die from radiation
- 4
- Fallout shelters
- Shelters built to protect one's self from an atomic bomb attack.
- Matt Cvetic
- Infiltrated the Communist Party in Pittsburgh and wrote a story for the Saturday Evening Post
- Massive Retaliation
- Threaten with nuclear weapons if a country tried to seize territory by force
- Which plane could fly across continens and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world?
- B-52 Bombers
- ICBMs
- Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles- could deliver bombs anywhere in the world
- NASA
- Coordinated research in rocket science and space exploration
- NDEA
- National Defense Education Act- provided funs for education and training in science, math, and foreign language
- John Foster Dulles
- Secretary of State who defended Eisenhower's policy of building up with nuclear weapons
- Brinkmanship
- Willingness to go the the brink of war to force the other side to back down
- Mohammed Mossadegh
- Iranian prime minister who nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. He was ready to make an oil deal with the Russians, but was ousted by American-backed riots, and the pro-American Shah was put into power.
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Leader of Russia after Stalin died
- Summit
- a formal meeting of leaders from different countries to discuss issues
- Military-industrial complex
- The relationship between the military establishment and the defense industry