AP US history 42-44

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James Watt: a controversial man with little regard to the environment.
"Operation Desert Storm": 2. American General Norman Schwarzkopf took nothing for granted, strategizing to suffocate Iraqis with an onslaught of air bombing raids and then rush them with troops.
January 23, 1973: In keeping with Kessinger's promise of peace being near, Nixon then went on a bombing rampage that eventually drove the North Vietnamese to the bargaining table to agree to a cease-fire, which occurred on January 23, 1973
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993: llowing an employee to take unpaid leave due to a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform his job or to care for a sick family member or to care for a new son or daughter (including by birth, adoption or foster care). The bill, authored by Chris Dodd,[1] was among the first signed into law by President Bill Clinton in his first term, fulfilling a campaign promise.
Larry McMurtry: McMurtry is best known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1985 novel Lonesome Dove, a sweeping historical epic that follows ex-Texas Rangers as they drive their cattle from the Rio Grande to a new home in the frontier of Montana. It was adapted into a hit television miniseries. Much of his other fiction is also set in the "old west" or contemporary Texas.
Primary Colors: 2. Political reporter Joe Klein wrote Primary Colors, mirroring some of Clinton's personal life/womanizing, while Clinton ran into trouble with his failed real estate investment in the Whitewater Land Corporation.
Brown vs. Board of Education: Following its ruling against segregation
My Lai Massacre: 1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.
Griswold vs. Connecticut: (1965) struck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, but creating a "right to privacy."
"Sandinistas": a group of leftists that had taken over the Nicaraguan government, of turning the country into a forward base from which Communist forces could invade and conquer all of Latin America.
Esobendo (1964) and Miranda (1966): were two cases in which the Supreme Court ruled that the accused could now remain silent.
Affirmative action: describes policies aimed at a historically socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minority men or women of all races) intended to promote access to education or employment. Motivation for affirmative action is a desire to redress the effects of past and current discrimination that is regarded as unfair[1] and to encourage public institutions such as universities, hospitals and police forces to be more representative of the population[2].
1975: Disastrously for Ford, South Vietnam fell
Norman MacLean: former english profesor wrote "A river runs throughs it"(1976) and Young Men an Fire(1992)
Worried about inflation, Nixon: imposed a 90-day wage freeze and then took the nation off the gold standard, thus ending the "Bretton Woods" system of international currency stabilization, which had functioned for more than a quarter of a century after WWII.
David Guterson: He is best known as the author of the novel Snow Falling on Cedars (1994), which won many awards, including the 1995 PEN/Faulkner Award. It was adapted for a 1999 film of the same title, directed by Scott Hicks and starring Ethan Hawke.
(GATT): World Trade Organization, the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and also provided $20 billion to Mexico in 1995 to help its faltering economy.
Warren E. Burger: replace the retiring Earl Warren in 1969, and this succeeded; by the end of 1971, the Supreme Court had four new members that Nixon had appointed.
START II accord: 5. In 1993, Bush signed the START II accord with Yeltsin, pledging both nations to reduce their long-range nuclear arsenals by two-thirds within ten years.
Bakke case of 1978: saw the Supreme Court barely rule that Allan Bakke had not been admitted into U.C. Davis because the university preferred minority races only and ordered the college to admit Bakke.
Vincent Foster, Jr: apparently committed suicide, perhaps overstressed at having to (perhaps immorally) manage Clinton's legal and financial affairs.
The ABM Treaty: (anti-ballistic missile treaty) which limit each nation to 2 cluster of defensive missles and the SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) which freeze # of long-range missles for five years also lessened tension, but the U.S. also went ahead with its new MIRV (Multiple Independently-targeted Reentry Vehicles) missiles, which could overcome any defense by overwhelming it with a plethora of missiles; therefore, the U.S.S.R. did the same.
I.M. Pei: build building like JFK library in boston
George Wolf: Jelly last Jam(1992), the lifestory of new orleans jazzman
Robert Rauschenberg: make collages out of objects like cardboard boxes
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 U.S. 490 (1989): upholding a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions
Welfare Reform Act, 1996: This law changes how governmental financial assistance is administered including: changing federal funding to states from an open-ended entitlement to a series of capped block grant allocations
Georgia O'Keefe: he is chiefly known for paintings in which she synthesized abstraction and representation in paintings of flowers, rocks, shells, animal bones and landscapes. Her paintings present crisply contoured forms that are replete with subtle tonal transitions of varying colors. She often transformed her subject matter into powerful abstract images.
Alice Walker: wrote the The Color Purple(1982)
Ann Tyler: penned memorable portraits of quirky characters in drawing like Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant(1982) and The Accidental Tourist
(NAFTA): made a free-trade zone surrounding Mexico, Canada, and the U.S., then helped form the World Trade Organization
XXI. The Iranian Hostage Humiliation: The American hostages languished in cruel captivity while night TV news reports showed Iranian mobs burning the American flag and spitting on effigies of Uncle Same.
Philadelphia Plan of 1969: required construction-trade unions working on the federal pay roll to establish "goals and timetables" for Black employees.
Milliken vs. Bradley: the Supreme Court ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school-district lines.
"Vietnamization": 540,000 American troops would be pulled out of the Southeast Asian nation.
Daniel Ellsberg: former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.
Arab Oil Embargo: After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis
(SSI): which gave benefits to the indigent aged, blind, and disabled, and he raised Social Security.
Griggs vs. Duke Power Co. (1971): This plan changed "affirmative action" to mean preferable treatment on groups, not individuals, and the Supreme Court's decision
Frank Lloyd Wright: archichent what build Guggenheim Museum in NY
Ward's Cove Packing vs. Arizona and Martin vs. Wilks: the Court ruled made it more difficult to prove that an employer practice discrimination in hiring and made it easier for white males to argue that they were victims of reverse-discrimination.
Engel vs. Vitale ,School District of Abington Township vs. Schempp: (1962, 1963)were two cases that led to the Court ruling against required prayers and having the Bible in public schools, basing the judgment on the First Amendment, which separated church and state.
Reynolds vs. Sims: (1964) ruled that the state legislatures, both upper and lower houses, would have to be reapportioned according to the human population, irrespective of cows.
27th Amendment: banned congressional pay raises from taking effect until an election had seated a new session of Congress, an idea first proposed by James Madison in 1789.
Rachel Carson: Silent Spring, which exposed the disastrous effects of pesticides, and in 1950, LA had already had an Air Pollution Control Office.
"Saturday Night Massacre: (Oct. 20, 1973), in which Archibald Cox, special prosecutor of the case who had issued a subpoena of the tapes, was fired and the attorney general and deputy general resigned because they didn't want to fire Cox.
Geneva in 1985: Gorbachev introduced the idea of ceasing the deployment of intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF); at a second one at Reykjavik, Iceland, in November 1985, there was stalemate; but at the third one in Washington D.C., the treaty was finally signed, banning all INF's from Europe.
(EPA): The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was also created to help nature, as well as OSHA, or the Occupational health and Safety Administration., during nixon
(AFDC): Aid to Families with Dependent Children
1. President Jimmy Carter's administration: seemed to be befuddled and bungling, since it could not control the rampant double-digit inflation or handle foreign affairs and would not remove regulatory controls from major industries such as airlines.
Nixon's Détente: China and the Soviet Union were clashing over their own interpretations of Marxism, and Nixon seized this as a chance for the U.S. to relax tensions.
OPEC embargo: Iranian fundamentalists were VERY against Western customs, and Iran stopped exporting oil; OPEC also seized to hike up oil prices, thus causing another oil crisis.
The New York Times: published a top-secret Pentagon study of America's involvement of the Vietnam War—papers that had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, former Pentagon official—which exposed all the deceit used by the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
Amy Tan: wrote Joy Luck Club
Anita Hill: She is best known for claiming at Thomas' 1991 Senate confirmation hearings that Thomas had made provocative sexual statements to her while her supervisor.
Toni Morrison: Nobel Prize-winning American author, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters; among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, and Beloved, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. In 2001 she was named one of the "30 Most Powerful Women in America" by Ladies' Home Journal.
Gideon vs. Wainwright: (1963) said that all criminals were entitled to legal counsel, even if they were too poor to afford it.
accords at Camp David.: On September 17, 1978, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel signed some accords at Camp David.
Grenada: , where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power, to crush the rebels, which happened.
Andy Warhol: pop artist ( the soup can painter)
drop of economic growth: Part of it was caused by more women and teens in the work force who typically had less skill and made less money than males, while deteriorating machinery and U.S. regulations also limited growth.
(SDI): popularly known as Star Wars, which proposed a system of lasers that could fire from space and destroy any nuclear weapons fired by Moscow before they hit America—a system that many experts considered impossible as well as upsetting to the "balance of terror" (don't fire for fear of retaliation) that had kept nuclear war from being unleashed all these years.
CA Proposition 209, 1996: state constitution to prohibit public institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity
The Iran-Contra Imbroglio: 1. In November 1986, it was revealed that a year before, American diplomats had secretly arranged arms sales to Iranian diplomats in return for the release of American hostages (at least one was) and had used that money to aid Nicaraguan contra rebels.

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