Chap. (4 &) 5 Test
Terms
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- Greek philosophy based on
- humans can understand their world
- philosophy means
- "the seeking of wisdom"
- logic is
- the science of reasoning
- profesional teachers
- sophists
- sophists believed
- "man is the measure of all things", truth is dif. for everyone, gods didn't influence human behavior
- sophists did
- traveled around, a lot in Athens, said find answers to all Qs, taught people to be good a politics
- Socrates born
- poor, sculptor by trade
- Socratic method
- ask Qs, oppose answers w/ logic, forced to defend & think clearly
- Socrates accused of
- corrupting youth & not worshiping gods
- Plato born
- aristocrat, thought 1st to be politician
- Plato & Socrates
- S teacher, when S died - became techer, recorded conversations from memory
- Plato's book of politics
- The Rebublic - plan for ideal society & gov
- Plato & gov
- disliked democracy, state more inmportant than indevidual, too much freedom -> social disorder, best edu. & smartest in charge, distrust other classes
- Plato & truth
- searched for, sences not source of truth, understand w/ logic
- Aristotle's school
- Lyceum, in athens
- "golden mean"
- live moderatly, avoid extremes in actions
- syllogism
- way to present argument - one determines whether conclusion is from premises or basic statements
- way to present arguement
- syllogism
- Aritotles' book on science
- Physics
- Aristotle & science
- knowlege through sences, 1st to observe facts & classify by same & dif., Earth - center of the universe
- Aristotle' book of gov
- Politics - ideal gov = monarcy + aristocracy + democracy, power in middle class -> command & obey
- "the father of history"
- Herodotus
- Heroditus studied
- persian wars
- 1st to separate fact from legend
- Heroditus
- Heroditus' book
- Historia
- Heroditus did
- traveled, ask Qs, record answers, check reliability of sorces, accepted stuff as not true, offered supernatural explanations
- Heroditus wrote about
- military events, political events, people, customs, religion
- Thucydides wrote about
- peloponesian war
- Thucydides
- said gods not part of history - only humans, accurate & impersonal as posible, find why stuff happened, learn from past
- Greeks science
- world ruled by natural laws, discover laws w/ reason
- Greeks & math
- 1st to call science, system to prove statements, believe could find true & eternal knowlege
- Thales' from
- Miletus, Ionia
- Thales studied
-
astronomy in Babylon &
math in Egypt - Thales' theory
- water is basic substance that everything is made of
- Pythagoras
- try explain everythin w/ math, study whole #s & ratios, Pathagorean theorem, world round & revolve around fixed point
- "the father of medicine"
- Hippocrates
- Hippocrates believed
- diseases natural not supernatural, body could heal self,
- Hippocrates did
- 1st to call a science, encoraged docters to record cases, exchane info, hygene, plenty of rest, moral code
- Macedonians lived
- Balkan Pen. N of Greece
- Philip II early life
- hostage in Thebes, learned to admire greek culture & military organization
- Philip II goals
-
- strong standing army
- unify greeks under rule
- destroy Persian empire - macedonian army
- infantry - phalanxes, 16 x 16, lances, fought like unit
- how philip got Greek city-states
- conquered, bribed leaders, allied by marriage, (total 6-7 wives), city states not work together to restist
- Demothenes
- athenian orator, appealed to citizens to fight for liberty, didn't work
- Philip's death
- by persion agent or assasin from Olympia
- Alexander's mother
- olimpia - philip's 1st wife
- about Alexander
- tutored by Aristotle, 20 when king, comander since 16, highly respected by soldiers -> courage & military skill, thought of self as Achilles
- Granicus River
- 1st major battle, W asia minor, elite cavalry smashed defences, after - offering to athena - 300 suits of persian armor to athens
- after Granicus R
- marched along coast of Asia minor, freed Ionia
- Issus
- 2nd major battle, Syria, Darius III forced to flee
- after Issus
- S along Mediterranian, captured Phoenicia
- how captured phoenicia
- cut off fleet from supplies, fleet surrendered
- after phoenicia
- invaded Egypt
- invasion of egypt
- people didn't like persians, welcomed Alexander & made Pharaoh, built Alexandria
- Guagamela
- after Egypt, mesopotamia, near Tigris R, smashed main army
- capture of persia
- after Gaug., captured main city-states -> Babylon, Persopolis, Susa - treasure among army
- became rular of Persia
- when Darius killed by owm general, declared self rular, punished killer
- how alexander died
- feaver (malaria?), age 33
- Alexander's goals
-
- punish Persia for invasion of greece
- create empire of Europe + Asia & combine best of greek & persian cuture - how Alexandr promoted goals by example
- imitated persian dress & court life, married Darius' daughter, incouraged soldiers to marry persian women
- domains (def)
- territories
- after Alexander's death
- political unity ended, 3 generals devided empire into domains, Greek language still spread & flourished, Hellenic ways mixed w/ middle E. culture -> Hellenistic culture
- leaders of domains
- Ptolemy, Seleucus, Antigonus
- invasion of India
- reached Indus R vally after 3 yrs, indian army - elephants , vetrans refused to go farther, went to Babylon & made capital
- Ptolemy
-
Egypt, Lybia, part of Syria
Cleopatra - Selucus
- descendents called Selucids, rest of Syria, Mesopotamia, Iran, Afghanistan - forced to give up E territory
- Jews & Palesitne
- guerrillas lead by Judah Maccabee, ordered to worship greek gods by Selucid Antiochus IV, chalenged control of palestine, reocupied jeruselem -> rededecated Temple - Hanukkah
- Antigonus
- Macedonia & Greece, Greek city-states declared selves independent & fought among selves
- largest & wealthiest city in empire
- Alexandria
- Alexandria center of learning
- away from athens, 1st ever museum, library, institute of scientific reserch, zoo, scientists came from all over world
- Septuagint
- Hebrew bible translated into greek by Jewish scolars, used by apostle Paul & still used in E orthodox church
- Hellenistic Greeks
-
Hellenic - involved in particular polis
Hellenistic - upper class of cities ruled by kings
Soldiers & Beaurocrats - traved to jobs - not loyal to king - Hellenistic women's status
- improoved from athens, move about freely, some independence, upper class occupations - real estate, banking, gov., poets, philosophers
- Hellenistic Philosophers
-
focused on personal behavior - how to acieve happiness
systems of thought: Cynicism, Epicureanism, Stoicism - founded Cynicism
- Diogenes
- founded Epicureanism
- Epicurus
- founded Stoicism
- Zeno
- Diogenes
- criticized materialism, happy if gave up luxeries & live simply in accord w/ nature
- Epicurus
- should avoid joy & pain by accepting world as was, ignore politics, live simply & quietly w/ few close friends
- word "stoicism"
- from Stoa Poikile - "painted porch" where Zeno lectured
- Zeno
- events gov. by natural laws, happy by ignore emotions & follow reason -> able to acceptmost dificult circumstances & do duty, effected Roman intelectuals & early Christian thinkers
- Hellenistc art
-
powerful emotions
carved portrait heads b/c art became a bussiness - Hellenistic plays
- comedies, ignored problems of outside world
- Menander
- renound playwrite, comedies about everday life
- Hellenistic science
- limited by instruments, many experaments, many new theories
- Aristarchus
- of Samos, sun is larger than earth, earth revolves around sun, stars are far awy from both
- Eratothenes
- estimated Earth's circumferance, 1% off
- Hellenistic Doctors
- dissectd corpses to learn anatomy, discovered nervous system, studied brain & liver, drugs for pain relief
- Euclid
- of Alexandria, "the elemnts of geometry"
- Archemedes
- compound pulley, cylinder-screw - lift water for irrigation, principle of bouyancy, principle of the lever, Pi
- Persia before invaded
- ward times, Darius III weak
- Colossus of Rhodes
- island of " in harbor, helios