history exam review
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- Reason for Exploration
- find allies to fight muslims, expand Christianity, find new trade routes
- Eegyptian Georgraphy
- upper Egypt is lower egypt, lower egypt is upper Egypt, because the nile river capitol was in lower Kingdom. Located northern Africa near nile river
- reasons for growth for medieval population
- starting at zero due to plague, reveal population, plague is gone, wiped out so many people, there's more food, land was improved, disease was not as widesprerad
- Cathari
- beleive there is eternal battel between good and evil, beleive god is evil one, physical part was only evil thing
- European growth of trades in the 1100's
- prodcue items others needed, marco polo found way to get to asia, decline of industry
- Importance of Printing Press
- everyone could have there own bible, took 10 years o finally reach Europe, Guttenberg Bible-first bible printed
- Reasons for Spanish Inquisition
- make more people conver to catholic, defend church from Hersey, integrate people
- Ramses II
- egypts greatest and most powerful paragraph, at age 14 he was appointed Prince Regent by his father, releases hebrews, has heart hardened by god, ran chariots to dead sea, moses accepted brother
- Reasons for Punic Wars
- Rome wanted to get Carthige, it was the battles in Sicily and Meditteranen sea were called, Battles between Rome and Carthage, Rome fights Charthage for more land, 2nd War Rome fought for Spain, Rome winds the war, battle over expansion
- Heretic
- when you beleive in someething other than what the roman catholic beleived. if you admitted to being a heretic you were whipped in front of everyone, if you didn't admit you were toruruted until death or admitted. Someone against church & beleifs
- Importaance of the Nile
- Longest river in egypt, water foutnain for for people in europe
- Hannibal
- was sent to help rome, invaded italy but sent all of his troops to carthage
- Aristole
- student of Plato, concluded order of the universe was God
- French Estates-general
- clergy, wealthy noble, pheasants-made 90% of population
- Julius Ceaser
- Military leader, part of 1st Triumvirate, fights in pompey, wins and becomes dictator for life in Rome
- Jewish Society at the time of Christ
- divided into 4 groups: Sadducees, pharasees, zealots, essences, Jews would'nt fight in military, would'nt worship emperors
- Battle of tours
- fought in spain, between charles martel and the muslim people, won by charles martel, stopped muslim advance into Europe
- Importance of Parliament
- keep king in check, helps decision making, represented 4 people, 2 groups; house of commons, house of lords
- reasons for decline of Rome
- harsh to non-romans, growing number of christians/spread of gospel, decline of roman military, quite joining citizenship, population was too big
- 5 Pillars of Islam
- beleifs in allah and muhammed as prophet, pray 5 times a day, observe month of Ramada, make a pilgramage to mecca once in life, give alms to poor
- Great schism
- great slit in church, 2 popes at the same time, Urban VI of Itlay and Clement VII, French support clement, English suport Urban. Great council-4 year meeting to solve problem. 3 objectives: end schism, end Hershey, end reform of church. Chose new pope and took all others out. Schism means split or break
- Importance of writing
- helped communication, good way to record history
- Pericles-ruled for 30 years accomplishments
- gives salaries to government employees, provided direct democracy to people, created a league of trade
- English Reformation
- .
- Charles Martel
- best known for winning battle of the tours, called the hammer, led muslims and kept Islam out of Europe
- Machiaevelli's "the Prince"
- supposed to be first book printed, secular humanists ad "end justifies the means".
- Joan of Arc
- beleived she heard voices of god telling her Charles VII will be king of france and that she could help
- Enslavement of the Hebrews
- .
- William Wallace
- fights Edward, son of Henry III, bcause he's trying to take over scotland
- Crusades
- put up by the catholic church, says anyone whose a Christian who lives or dies will be promised salvation
- Alexander the great
- king, takes 35,000 troops and defeats persia, dies from alchohol poisoning/high fever, attempted to invade India but never succeeded
- Roman Intolerance of Christianity
- blamed Christinas for every bad thing that happened to the Romans. Afraid of it being something they could not control
- Ostracism
- when Athenians got to vote one person off of Greece for 10 years
- Humanism
- beleives man can solve own issues without anyones help, not Christians, beleives god does'nt need to fix there issues
- Babylonian Captivity
- taken by baylon
- Charlamagne
- Pepines son, expands country into central Germany and Southern Italy, wanted everyone to have education, liked writing poetry, named emeror of the Romans, brought arts and education to people, king of Romans
- Catholic Reformation
- The emergence of a reformed and revived papacy and the council of trent. the council reaffirmed traditonal catholic teachings in opposition to protestant beleifs
- Craft Guilds
- trading group that develops things to be sold, could'nt sell prodcuts unless you belonged to that guild, had own organization
- Pontius Pilate
- Roman Governer of Israel when Christ was crusified
- Erasmus
- Influencial scholar, criticized abuses of church, especially the monks who thought they were superior than anyone else, taugh Christianity should be a guide to daily life and was a great Christian writer
- Nero
- first emperor to persecure Christians, hand "garden party", have live Christians on stakes burning for light, crucified Paul upsdie down
- Boniface VII
- went into political war with king phillip from france, said Phillip could'nt tax without popes permission
- Renaissance Popes
- ones who are more concerned about materials, more than salvation, concerned about artistic renassiance
- Michaelanglo
- famous for his work "mona lisa" also painted other famous works. Designated architectual system for Systin Chapel, still there today
- Prince Henry of Protugal
- also knows as prince henry the navigator, developed new ships, paid people to sail them. 3 motives: wanted to make allies with muslims, extended Christianity, acquire new trading partners
- Paul
- was in prison, stoned, stabbed, beheaded, most important person. Nero Executed him
- Feudal System
- Vassal gave service to a lord and in return received protection and land
- Artistic Renaissance
- a period of times where great paintings came out-davinci "the last supper" Rephael-School of Athens
- Controversey over lay investure
- lords giving bishops and cardinals things, making them vassals, if they are vassals they have to do what the pope says, bishop and king come to agreement: pope still chooses bishop but still has to pay respect to the king
- Cortes Invasion of Aztec Empire
- cortes comes right at Aztecs, "end of world" prediciton, thought cortes and team was there gods. Montezuma, king of the Aztecs, gives them the throne in city tenochitilian. Revise gold and silver. Tries to convert Christianity. The night of sadness is when cortes looses power of Aztec city
- Mercantilism
- Economic theory (beleif) that beleives a nation prosperity depends on it's supply of money. volume of trade does'nt change.
- Common Law
- Law thats common to everyone, no one is above law, everyone is accountable to same law
- polytheism
- beleive in many gods, not just one, gods are active
- Muhammed
- concerned poor people were'nt getting enough, so he went to the mountains to meditate, named prophet of god, made the 5 pillars of Islam
- Reason for Hundred Years War
- battle between English and French. Joan of arc ended it. Edward III wanted to claim French throne in order to prove he had to go to war in French, Edward stated it to prove his claim of throne
- location of first civilazation
- meopotamia
- Jihadi
- means holy war, caliph started it, proclaimed religous war against war people who don't beleive in Islam
- John Calvin
- Forced to flee his conversion to Protestantism, wrote institues of Christian relegion, beleived he was doing gods good work on earth
- 7 Sacriments
- baptism-getting baptized, confirmation-confirm faith, reconciliation-ask for forgiveness, priesthood-guy only virgin, marriage annointing of the sick-priest come and pray, ask god to bless you if your sick, eachrist-signifies body
- Magna Carta
- the article that defines what a king can and cannot do, limits what he can do, council must approve kings tax, john had to admit he was wrong, can't delay/deny justice
- Martin Luther
- got caughgt in storm, asked god to spare him. if god spared him he told god he would become a monk. which he did. came to the conclusion that no matter what you do, you will never do enough to merrit salvation, wrote to the Christian nobility of the german nation, beleived he received salvation through faith
- 5 charactestics of civilizatin
- urban revolution, formal, political and milatary strucutre, craftsmen, development of writing, art and intellectual activites
- oligarchy
- type of government ruled by a group of nobles, miltary state, war originated environment
- Causes & Effects of Black Death
- .