industrialization and urbanization
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- americanization
- idea that immigrants needed to be assimilated in american culture
- collective bargaining
- negotiations between representatives of labor and management
- chinese exclusion act
- congress banned, for 10 years, entry to all chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and gov. officials
- ellis island
- immigrants from europe had to pass through immigration stations in new york
- angel island
- asians arriving on the west coast in san francisco were taken to this island
- ethnic communities
- many immigrants did not want to abandon traditions. these communities provided the social support of other immigrants from the same country. spoke their own language and practiced their customs and religions. soon became overcrowded.
- garfield
- assassinated by a disgruntled office seeker
- gentlemen's agreement
- in san francisco, japanese children were segregated into separate schools. japan's gov. agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to the us in exchange for repealing school segregation. nullified with the immigration act of 1924
- great strike of 1877
- workers from baltimore and ohio railroad struck to protest a wage cut. over 50,000 miles of railroads were shut down for one week. several governers asked pres. hayes to send in federal troops to end the strike. ovel 100 killed nationwide.
- industrial workers of the world (iww)
- led by william "big bill" haywood and advocated socialism. included miners, lumberjacks, and cannery and dock workers. allowed african americans. membership never topped 100,000
- interstate commerce act
- created a commission (icc) to regulate railroad.
- thomas edison
- founded the world's first research lab in menlo park, new jersey. patented first incandescant light bulb in 1880. competed with george westinghouse to make the distribution of electricity safer and cheaper
- christopher sholes
- made the typewriter
- alexander graham bell
- made the telephone
- national labor union (nlu)
- concentrated on linking existing local unions. refused to allow blacks.
- knights of labor
- open to all workers, wanted equal pay for equal work and an eight hour day. at its height in 1886 had 700,000 members
- american federation of labor (afl)
- led by samuel gompers. loose alliance of craft unions, but didnt make decisions for them. wanted collective bargaining. successful strikes helped this union win higher wages and shorter work hours
- american railway union (aru)
- led by eugene v debs. brought together unskilled and semiskilled laborers, as well as skilled engineers and firemen. didnt allow blacks. won a strike for higher wages in 1894 and nearly doubled membership to 150,000
- melting pot
- all the cultures in the us becoming one and are all together
- monopoly
- complete control over production, wages, and prices
- trust
- competing corporations turn stock over to a group who run the separate companies as one large corporation and in return give dividends back
- holding company
- corporation that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies
- merger
- one corporation buys the stock of another
- nativism
- favoritism toward native-born americans. many believed that anglo-saxons were superior to other ethnic groups. thought that problems were caused by immigrants from the wrong countries.
- pendleton civil service act
- created a bipartisan commission to make appointments to federal jobs based on merit. gov. became more honest and efficient.
- pullman, illinois
- built up a town around his factory in illinois. provided for most of the workers' basic needs. kept strict rules to ensure a stable work force. no alcohol. refusal to lower rents after paycuts led to a violent strike in 1894.
- robber barons
- negative name given to the industrialists of the 19th century
- sherman antitrust act
- companies said that strikes, picket lines, or boycotts would hurt interstate trade. therefore, a union should be considered a trust
- skyscrapers
- solved the problem of how to best use the limited and expensive space in cities. steel skeletons that supported both floors and walls. louis sullivan designed the 10 story wainwright building in st. louis in 1890. daniel burman designed the 22 story flatiron building in new york city
- du bois
- wanted blacks to pursue a liberal arts education
- washington
- wanted blacks to prove manual labor skills
- social darwinism
- applying darwin's ideas to society
- tammany hall
- new york city's political machine
- time zones
- created as railroads expanded
- triangle shirtwaist factory
- factory whose fire resulted in the deaths of over 100 women
- used horizontal integration to eliminate competitors
- rockefeller
- carnegie
- used vertical integration to control entire steel process