Psych Final Exam
Terms
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- Personality
- unique, relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions
- Personality describes...
-
you as a person
how you are different from others
patterns of behavior typical to you - Personality is.... from character
- different
- Traits
- Relatively stable personal characteristics that can be used to describe someone
- Early trait theorists
- Allport, Cattell, Eysenck
- Factor Analysis
-
changed the way we look at traits and how they are organized.
Cattell took 4,500 traits and brought it down to 35 - Eysenck brought traits down to ... groups
-
3
- 3 groups of traits
-
extroversion and introversion
neuroticism
psychoticism - Modern trait theorists
- McCrae and Costa
- McCrae and Costa
- five factor model
- The Five Factor Model
-
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
(OCEAN) - Openness
- open to new ideas vs. conventional and narrow in interests
- Conscienciouness
- responsible and organized vs. irresponsible and careless
- Extroversion
- socialbe and talkative vs. withdrawn and quiet
- Agreeableness
- trusting and good natured vs suspicious and ruthless
- Neuroticism
- emotionally unstable and moody vs. emotionally stable and easy going
-
Evaluating trait theory
Pros & Cons -
Pros:
five factor model helps describe and organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits, evolutionary and cross cultural
Cons:
lacks explanation
stability vs change
ignores situational effects - Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theories examine how..... interplay with thoughts , feelings and actions
- unconscious mental forces
- Alder, Jung, Horney
- Neo-Freudians
- Levels of Consciousness
-
Conscious-aware of
Preconscious-voluntarily brought to mind
Unconscious-blocked from awareness - Freudian Personality Structures
- Id, Ego, Superego
- Id
-
the source of instinctual energy
operates on the pleasure principle
unconscious - Ego
-
deals with reality by controlling the id
reality principle
conscious/preconscious - Superego
-
conscious part of the personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality
morality principle
preconscious and unconscious
conscience - Defense Mechanism
- the ego's protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality
- Psychosexual Stages of Development
- the Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development
- Oral stage
-
birth-18 months
if fixated-smoke, overeat or talk - Anal stage
-
18 months-3 years
if fixated, controlling and obsessive - Phallic Stage
-
3-6 years
if fixated, hostility toward same sex parent - Latency stage
-
6-puberty
if fixated, no conflict with opposite sex - Genital Stage
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puberty-adulthood
if fixated, relationships based on lust - Alfred Adler
-
-The first to leave Freud's inner circle
-believed that behavior was purposeful and goal directed
-believed everyone suffers from an inferiority complex
-"will-to-power" can be positive or negative
-individual psychology - individual psychology
- Alfred Adler's theory that everyone suffers from an inferiority complex and this results in "will-to-power"
- Carl Jung
-
analytical psychology
emphasized unconscious processes
two forms of unconscious mind:
personal unconsious
collective unconscious - Two forms of unconscious mind by Jung
-
personal unconscious
collective unconscious - collective unconscious consisted of
- archetypes
- one set of archetype refers to gender roles
- anima and animus
- personal unconscious
- what we create
- Collective unconscious
- what everyone in the world has inherited from our family members
- anima
- feminine aspects of people's personality
- animus
- masculine aspects of peoples personalities
- Karen Horney
-
developed feminine psychology
blend of freudian, Alderian and Jungian theory
believed personality was shaped by relationship with parent
basic anxiety
search for security - Believed personality was shaped by the child's relationship with parents
- Karen Horney
- developed theory of basic anxiety
- Karen Horney
- we all search for security in one of three ways:
-
move towards others
move away others
move against others - Pros of Psychoanalytic Theories
-
emphasis on unconscious and its influence on behavior
encouraging open talk about sex
development of psychoanalysis
overall contribution to psychology - cons of psychoanalytic Theories
-
difficult to test
overemphasis on biology and unconscious forces
inadequate empirical support
sexism
lack of cross cultural support
- Humanistic Theories
-
emphasized internal experiences and individual's feelings of basic worth
the basic goodness of all human beings and their positive drive toward self fulfillment - key figures of humanistic theory
-
carl rogers
abraham maslow - Carl Roger's Key Concepts
-
the self-a key component to personality
the mental health is related to the degree of similarity between self concept and life experiences.
unconditional positive regard-love and acceptance with no contingencies. - mental health is related to the degree of..... between self concept and life experiences
- similarity
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher growth needs
- self actualization
-
inborn drive to develop all one's talents and capabilities
Maslow - Criticisms of humanistic theory
-
Naive assumptions
poor testability and inadequate evidence
narrowness - naive assumptions criticism says
- critics argue that humanistic theories and theorists are unrealistic and romantic when it comes to human nature
- poor testability and inadequate evidence criticism says
- the terms used this theory are difficult to operationalize and therefore test scientifically
- narrowness criticism
- this theory only describes personality and does not explain it
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Bandura and Rotter
- Albert Bandura
- introduced the concepts of self efficacy and reciprocal determinism to personality theory
- Julian rotter
- personality is determined by expectations and reinforcement values
- internal locus of control
- you have control of your life
- external locus of control
- outside sources controlling your life
- Biological Theories-biological contributors to personality
-
brain structures
neurochemistry
genetic factors - four methods to measure personality
-
interviews
observations
objective tests: MMPI
Projective Tests: Rorschach and the TAT - Pseudo-Personality Tests
-
barnum effect
fallacy of positive instances
self-serving bias - barnum effect
- we are predispositioned to accept ambiguous, general statement
- Fallacy of Positive Instances
- we remember confirming evidence and ignore disconfirming
- Self-serving bias
- we tend to prefer flattering descriptions
- motivation
- set of factors that activate, direct and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
- Emotion
- subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and expressive behaviors
- motivation... behavior, and emotion is the feeling...
-
energize and directs
response - Biological Theories
- focus on inborn, genetically determine processes that controls and directs behavior
- instinct theory of motivation
- motivation results from behaviors that are unlearned and found in almost all species
- drive-reduction theory
- motivation begins with physiological need that produces a drive to satisfy that need (replaced instinct theory in 1930) biological principle of homeostasis
- Arousal Theory
- organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal (dont like being too bored or stimulated)
- Psychosocial Theories
- emphasize the incentive and cognitions associated with motivation
- incentive theory
- motivation results from external stimuli that PULL the organism in certain directions
- Cognitive Theories
- motivation is directly affected by attributions, or how we interpret or think about our own or other's actions
- biopsychosocial theories
-
combines the biological, psychological and social factors that work together to create motivation
best explanation - abraham maslow
- believed that we all have numerous needs that continually compete for fulfillment in our lives. some are more important than others
- conducted one of the earliest experiments exploring the internal factors of hunger
- Cannon and Washburn
- Cannon and Washburn's experiment
-
balloon in stomach, movement is what caused hunger
correlation does not mean causation - biological factors that affect hunger and eating are in the ...
-
stomach
brain
body's biochemistry - in brain, the .... affects hunger
- ventromedial area
- psychosocial factors of hunger
- powerful influences that can be equally important stimulus cues for hunger and eating
- sources of influence for hunger
-
visual cues
cultural conditioning
enviroment - Obesity
- having a body weight 15% or more above the ideal for one's height and age
- anorexia nervosa
- an eating disorder characterized by severe loss of weight resulting from self-imposed starvation and an obsessive fear of obesity
- more than... of women show some sign of eating disorders
- 50%
- only... of women are serious enough to be diagnosed with an ED
-
2%
- Achievement Motivation
- broadly defined as the desire to excel, especially in competition with others
- characterists of individuals with a high need for achievement
- prefers moderately difficult tasks
- TAT
- show people pics and ask them to tell a story. look for signs of achievement motivation
- Three components of emotions
-
physiological
cognitive
behavioral - pysiological component of emotion
-
arousal component
limbic system
ANS - Four Theories of Emotion
-
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Facial-Feedback Theory
Schater's Two Factory Theory - james-lange theory
- our subjective experience of emotion follows our bodily arousal
- cannon-bard theory
- arousal and our subjective experience of emotion occur simultaneously
- Facial feedback theory
- movements of our facial muscles produce/intensify our subjective experience of emotion
- Schater's Two Factor Theory
- physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal produce our subjective experience of emotion
- " we feel sad because we cry" arousal and expression is what cause emotions
- james lange theory
- arousal and emotion happen at the same time
- cannon-bard theoyr
- all emotions are physiologically similar externally
- schater's two factor theory
- James-Lange fails..
- to acknowledge that physical arousal can occur without emotional experience
- Cannon-Bard is challenged bc
- focuses on the thalamus in regard to physiological arousal
- Facial feedback does not..
- seem to contribute the intensity of our overall moods and emotional experiences
- schater's two factor theory is challenged bc
- emphasizes the importance of cognitive labels, but research implicated neural pathways
- intrinsic motivation
- motivation resulting from personal enjoyment of a task or activity
- extrinsic motivation
- motivation based upon obvious external rewards or threat of punishment
- ways to improve motivation
-
limit concrete extrinsic rewards
reward competency
emphasize intrinsic - polygraph
- instrument that measures sympathetic arousal to detect emotional arousal which in turn supposedly reflects when one is lying
- error rates on a polygraph range from
- 25-75%
- emotional intelligence
- Golemans term for the ability to know and manage one's emotions, empathize with others, and maintain satisfying relationships
- Goleman believes that traditional measures of IQ ignore....that reflect intelligence
-
real life abilities
- six basic emotions of all cultures
-
happiness
surprise
anger
fear
sadness
disgust - Darwin said that the expression of emotions evolved in different species as a .... and as an outgrowth of ...
-
survival mechanism
natural selection - modern evolutionary theory suggests that emotion originates in the
- limbic system
- abnormal behavior
- patters of emotion, thought and action considered pathological for one or more reasons
- pathological
- diseased or disordered
- the four criteria to be diagnosed with a psychological disorder
-
statistical infrequency (rare to common)
disability or dsyfunction (low to high)
personal distress (low to high)
violation of norms - culture-general symptoms
- symptoms of mental health illness that are shared across cultures
- langer index of psychiatric symptoms
- screening instrument used to identify disorders not severe enough to require hospitalization
- culture-bound symptoms
- unique symptoms that differ across cultures
- puerto rico and Latin nations
- "attack of nerves"
- Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Thailand
- running amok
- West africa
- brain fog
- Ethiopia
- posessed by Zar
- South china and vietnam
- Koro
- Western Nations
- anorexia
- "attack of nerves"
- trembling, seizurelike episode
- running amok
- wild aggressive behavior, trying to kill or hurt others
- posession by Zar
- involuntary movements
- Koro
- penis is retracting into the body
- ancient people though that .... were the cause of abnormal behavior
- demons and spirits
- trephining
- boring holes in the skull
- during the Middle Ages ... began to appear in europe
- asylums
- Pinel improved what?
- asylums
- Pinel believed that ... causes abnormal behavior
- disease an physical illness
- Pinel made the... and later...
-
Medical Model
psychiatry - Szasz says that
- mental illness is a myth and we use this to label others who are peculiar or offensive
- 7 perspectives on abnormal behavior
-
sociocultural
behavioral
evolutionary
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
biological - DSM-IV-TR stands for
- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
- the DSM-IV-TR is ...
- classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to describe and classify abnormal behaviors
- what does DSM-IV-TR not offer?
- treatments
- neurosis
-
stemmed from unconscious
redistributed to anxiety disorders - psychosis
- serious mental disorders chacterized by extreme mental disruptions and defective or lost contact with reality
- insanity
- legal term applied when ppl cant be held responsible
-
axis 1
- current clinical disorders
- axis II
- personality disorders and mental retardation
- axis III
- general medical conditions
- Axis IV
- psychosocial and environmental problems
- Axis V
- Global assessment of functioning
- pros of the DSM-IV-TR
-
careful and completely describes symptoms
standardizes diagnosis and treatment - Cons of DSM-IV-TR
-
relies heavily on the medical model
contains possible culture bias
lacks a dimensional aspect to its descriptions of disorders - anxiety disorders
- overwhelming anxiety and fear accompanied by autonomic nervous system arousal
- five major types of anxiety disorders
-
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Panic disorder
phobias
Obsessive Disorder (OCD)
PTSD - generalized anxiety disorder
-
chronic, uncontrollable worry
6 months
not focused on anything in particular
feel afraid but cant identify fear
muscle tension
inability to cope with life - Panic disorder
-
sudden, but brief attacks of intense apprehension that causes trembling, dizziness
after frightening experience or stress
agoraphobia - agoraphobia
- restrict normal activites for fear of panic attack in public place
- social phobias
-
irrationally fearful of embarrassing themselves
aka public speaking, eating - Psychological explaination for anxiety disorder
- faulty cognitions and maladaptive learning
- biological explaination for anxiety disorder
- evolutionary predispositions, genetic, biochemical
- mood disorders
-
extreme disturbances in emotional states
also knows as affective disorders
excessive sadness but unreasonable elations and hyperactivity - two main types of mood disorders
-
major depressive
bipolar - major depressive disorder
- long lasting depressed mood that interferes with every day life
- bipolar disorder
- repeated episodes of mania and depression
- biological factors explaining mood disorders
- brain functioning, neurotransmitter, imbalances, genetics, evolution
- Psychosocial explainations for mood disorders
- environmental stressors, disturbed interpersonal relationships, faulty thinking, etc
- who are more likely to be depressed
- women
- schizophrenia
- group of psychotic disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality
- 5 areas of disturbance in schizophrenia
-
perceptual-hallucinations
language
thought-psychoses and delusions
emotion-flat or exaggerated
behavior - types of schizophrenia
-
paranoid
catatonic
disorganized undifferentiated
residual - paranoid schizophrenia
-
dominated by dillusions and halluscinations
hearing voices - catatonic schizophrenia
- marked by motor disturbances (immobility) an echo speech
- disorganized schizophrenia
- characterized by incoherent speech, flat or exaggerated emotions and social withdrawl
- undifferentiated schizophrenia
- meets teh criteria but does not fall in the other categories
- residual schizophrenia
- no longer meets full criteria for schizophrenia but still shows some sympoms
- social psychology is defined
- the study of how others influence our thoughts, feeling and actions
- attribution
- an explanation for the cause of behaviors or events
- internal disposition
- cause such as a personal characteristic
- external situation
- cause such as situaitional demands
- fundamental attribution error
- misjudging the causes of others behavior as due to internal causes rather than external ones
- saliency bias
- human personality is more salient to us than the circumstances. we blame the person, not the situation
- Just-World Phenomenon
-
people generally deserve what they get
why we blame victims
makes us feel safer - Self Serving Bias
- the process of taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures
- cognitive dissonance
-
a feeling of discomfort that results from a mismatch between an attitude and a behavior
motivates us to eliminate the discomfort
called the Drive Reduction Theory - Prejudice
- learned, generally negative attitude towards others
- Discrimination
- negative behaviors directed at a certain group of people
- out-group effect
- people in our group is diverse, but the group "out there" is not as diversge
- Conformity
- changing behavior because of real or imagined group pressure
- Asch's conformity study
-
selecting the lines that are the same length
testers gave wrong answer and participants answered that b/c they were pressured to - Obedience
- following direct commands, usually from an authority figure
- we like to know that our life has a certain amount of...
- predictability
- normative social influence
- we have a need for approval and acceptance
- informational social influence
- we have a need for info, and we have a need for direction
- reference groups
- we conform to the people we like and admire because we want to be like them
- Milgram's Obedience study
- shocking
- things that affect obedience
-
legitimacy and closeness of authority figure
remoteness of victim
assignment and responsibility
when everyone else obeys - Group membership involves
-
roles
deindividuation - roles
- set of behavioral patterns connected with particular social positions
- deindividuation
-
anonymity leads to reduced inhibition, self-consciousness, and personal responsibility
you feel anonymous - group polarization
- group movement toward either a riskier or more conservative decision;result depends on the member's initial dominant tendency
- Risky shift phenomenon
- group decisions tend to be riskier
- Groupthink
- faulty decision making occuring when a highly cohesive group seeks agreement and avoids inconsistent information