History of Physical Education and Sport
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- What did funeral games consist of?
- wrestling, boxing, archery, chariot races, foot racing, javelin, discus, and sword fighting
- Competitiveness is derived from which terms?
- contest and prize
- What 4 major festivals dominated the 5th century and who did they honor?
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Pythian games - Apollo
Isthmian games - Poseidon
Nemean games - Zeus
Olympic games - Zeus - Where did the Olympic games orginate?
- Mount Olympus or Olympia
- Who are the founders of the ancient games?
- Hercules, Zeus, and Pelops
- What is the date of the first competitive games?
- It is unknown
- When was the first victor of ancient games recorded?
- 776 BC
- Where were chariot races held?
- Hippodrome
- What proof of eligibility was needed in order to participated in ancient games?
- That the person was Greek, free (not a slave), and had no criminal record.
- How long did the ancient games celebration last for?
- 5 days
- How did the Olympics impact the ancient world?
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-provided Greeks with calendar
-profound impressions on Greek art
-important part in thinking of Greek philosophers
-inspired Greek poerty and drama
-Greek culture emerged into mainstream life of Asia Minor, South Italy, and North Egypt
-Etruscans incorporated Greel sport into martial exercises - Why did the Romans feel that the Greek games were corrupt?
- because of nudity
- What purposes did the animal fights of Roman games serve?
- -entertainment for an idle populace and to dispose of social undesirables (Christians, theives, and murderers). gambling as well took place
- Who were gladiators drawn from?
- war prisoners, condemned criminals, disobedient slaves, and the occasional volunteer
- What were the rewards of a gladiator?
- fed well, served by masseurs, and trained by the best teachers available
- When were gladiatorial fights abolished?
- 404 or early 5th century
- What did ball and stick games symbolize?
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-return of spring
-human fertility
-growth of crops - What did the church provide for ball games in the Middle Ages?
- -a place and time for playing games
- What are the Middle Ages' names for field hockey and where were they associated with?
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-Hurling (Ireland)
-Shinty (Scotland)
-Cambuca or Bandy (Britain or France) - When was English football played?
- Shrove Tuesday
- What other games did football lead to?
- Stoolball and Bowls
- What are some social distinctions separating the aristocracy and the peasants?
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-access to land
-certain animals (ex horses)
-hunting implements - What are some characteristics of hawking?
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-had little military significance
-used little space
-incorporated gambling
-was spectator sport - How did tournaments benefit knights?
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-Provided training for battle
-offered poor knights a way to earn prestige or wealthy patronage
-economic gain through ransoming and capturing
-pretext for gathering alliances for kings or wealthy in order to provide protection - What 2 types of combat did tournaments consist of?
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-melees
-jousts - What was a melee?
- hand to hand combat with many men on teams
- Where was tennis first played?
- monasteries and church cloisters
- What was the original name of tennis?
- le jeu de paume or "a game of handball"
- Why was peasant participation in sport prohibited?
- The wealthy decided that their interests should differ from those of the peasants
- Why was it ordered that pasttimes should be dismissed?
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-it disturbed the tranquility of social order
-a concern for military preparedness was important - The Greek ideal of a harmonious body and mind was what?
- the "Renaissance Man"
- What are the characteristics of a Renaissance Man?
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-socially adept (proficient)
-sensitive to aesthetic (or appearance) values
-skilled in weaponry
-strong in body
-learned in letters
-well built and shapely of limb
-expert in swordpaly, archery, and horsemanship
-participant in all exercises benefiting a man of war
-could leap, swim, and run
played games benefiting a man of court - What is a scholarly athlete?
- excelled in academics (philosphy, literature, and visual arts) and sports
- What are some humanist beliefs?
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-admired ancient Greeks
-emphasized the joy of living
-People are inherently good
-One's life is worth contemplating - Who wrote the Book of Courtier and what did it highlight?
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Baldassau Castiglione
-the ideal courtier or Renaissance Man - Thomas Elyot wrote what book including which beliefs?
-
The Book of the Governour
-frowned on pastimes of the masses
-advocated for exercises that made the "spirits of a man more strong and valiant"
-promoted activity as an integral part of the education of the upper classes - Who was the first heardmaster of the Merchant Taylors School
- Richard Mulcaster
- Who wrote the book Toxophilus?
- Roger Ascham
- What was the Giuco Del Ponte?
- 2 people fought on a bridge using pointed shields and tried to knock their opponent off
- What are some games considered gentlemanly?
- Giuco del Ponte, Jousting tournaments, and horse racing
- What was palio?
- horserace
- What was calcio?
-
unique to Italy
similar to English football
only honourable soldiers, gentlemen, lords, and princes participated - What was tennis known as?
- international sport of kings
- Where was golf geographically contained?
- Holland, Scotland, and England
- Why did the Aztecs participate in ball games?
- as a form of ritual
- What are the 2 main sports that were played by Native Americans?
- Shinny (similiar to field hockey) and racquets (or lacrosse)
- What was lacrosse refered to as?
- "little war"
- What replaced humanism in Europe?
- the Calvinist theory
- How did English Puritans view sport?
- they thought it was the devil
- Who was the most important leader of the Protestant Reformation?
- John Calvin
- what did John Calvin attempt to construct?
- a theocracy
- Calvin and his followers banned about 200 amusements. What amusements were given the most attention?
- prostitution, gambling, drinking, dancing, and games traditionally associated with gambling
- Why was football considered a disruptive game?
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-interfered with commerce
-destroyed property - In which sports were stacks invariably high?
- fencing, bowling, cricket, football, wrestling, horse racing, and cockfights
- Why did Puritans oppose the recreational life of masses?
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-it was geared towards the seasonal cycle associated with the old Catholic Church calendar
-had ancient connections to pagan and catholic festivities - What social changes occurred in the 16th and 17th century England?
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-enclosure movement
-economic and population change - The Puritans were more severe in their opposition of what type of sport?
- public sport rather than individualistic sports
- What occurred when the Puritans took over the monarchy?
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-abolished the Cotswold games
-declared the Declaration of Lawful Sports to be null and void
-prohibited Sunday amusements - What type of knowledge did James Figg share?
- various combats with foil, backsword, cudgel, and fist
- Who was England's premier fighter, trainer, and promoter
- James Figg
- What are some of Broughton's Rules?
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-no hitting below the belt
-no wrestling holds below the waist
-bouts are broken up into rounds, ending when a man went down or off the stage
-provided 30 sec rests between rounds - What did King Charles II do after returning from continental exile in 1660?
- -re-established the monarchy, church, and customary social activities
- After King Charles II's return, which traditional sports were revived?
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-Cotswold games
-footrace
-wrestling
-fencing
-football - In regards to bowling, what did King Charles II do?
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-build bowling alleys
-drew up rules in 1670 - Tennis waned in popularity in which century?
- 17th
- What were some new activities that King Charles II introduced?
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-ice skating
-summer water sports (swimming, rowing, yachting)
-horse racing - What were some advantages of horse racing shifting from monarchial control to aristocratic control?
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-form and rules of turf
-formal organization - What type of things did the Jockey Club do?
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-organization of owners and breeders
-rules of dress for jockeys
-appointed judges, starters, clerks, and other officials
-exacted penalties for offenders - What did the Racing Calendar portray?
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-publicized rules and regulations
-disseminating news and events
-regulating annual schedule of meets - What became the unofficial mecca of cricket?
- Marylebone Cricket Club
- By the end of the 18th century, which sport was recognized as the only sport to bridge the gulf between upper classes and the masses, north and south, town and countryside?
- cricket
- What was used for golf clubs and balls?
- branches curved by nature and leather balls filled with feathers
- Who broke up boxing from its alliance with swordplay and cudgeling?
- Jack Broughton
- What did Jack Broughton introduce into the sport of boxing?
- gloves for sparring and exhibition
- What disadvantages did boxing suffer?
-
-legally banned
-a string of undistinguished champions - How did gambling influence sports?
- people were compelled to bring order to sports as a means of providing predictability to their bets
- How did horse racing change in the 18th century?
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-straight race (1/4 mile)
-oval tracks (1 mile) - A gladiator avoided what type of mandatory service?
- military
- What were the gladiatory schools created by Caesar called?
- Ludi
- A gladiator was given their freedom when what occured?
- they were offered the woooden sword or they bought their freedom with the use of money from their winnings
- What was considered a sign of surrender during a gladiatorial fight?
- putting up a finger or a hand