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What are the 4 top causes of death?: 1-heart attack/cardiovascular disease; 2-cancer; 3-cerebral vascular accident; 4-COPD;
What are the two types of influeza?: Influenza A & B
Which type of influenza should you worry more about?: type A
Which type of influenza is mainly in the animal population?: type B
What are the two antigens(anything that initiates the immune system) in type A influenza?: hemaglutinin and neuraminidase
Which type of influenza has different strands, H1N1 & H3N2?: Type A
What is antigenic drift?: mutations that occur during viral replication
What is a shift?: when an entirely new strain appears to defy immunity
Which is worse shift or drift?: shift
What age group does the influenza virus cause disease?: all age groups
What age ranges is infection of influenza highest?: greater than 65 years and less than 2 years
What did the US call the influenza pandemic we had?: The Spanish Flu Pandemic
How many people died in the Spanish Flu Pandemic?: 25 million to 50 million worldwide
What years were the Spanish Flu Pandemic?: 1918 & 1919
Where was the first case of influenza found?: in Fort Riley, Kansas
What are symptoms for influenza?: fever, headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, stomach symptoms
What are 3 complications of the flu?: 1-bacterial pneumonia; 2-dehydration; 3-worsening of chronic medical conditions
What are the two types of flu vaccinations?: flu shot & nasal-spray
Which type of flu vaccine is not alive, shot or nasal-spray?: shot
What is the age you have to be to receive the flu-shot?: older than 6 months
What is the "Flu Shot"?: an inactivated vaccine that is given by injection
What is the Nasal-spray Flu Vaccine?: "Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine" (LAIV); alive but weakened
What is the age limit for the nasal spray?: 5 years to 49 years of age who are not pregnant
What months is the best time to get vaccinated?: October or November
Through what months does the flu season occur?: October through May
What people should be vaccinated for the flu?: 50 yrs or older; 6-23mos; nursing home residents; ppl w/ chronic heart or lung conditions, including asthma, metabolic diseases, and weakened immune systems; children on long-term aspirin therapy; women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; ppl who can transmit flu to others at high risk for complications;
What cohorts should NOT be vaccinated?: ppl w/ sever allergy to chicken eggs; severe rxn to an influenza vaccine in the past; ppl who develop Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) (PNS inflammation disorder); children less than 6mos;
What was the name of the boy in the influenza video and how old was he?: Jake, 3 yrs, had flu
What kind of virus is the human immunodeficiency virus?: a retrovirus
What does HIV use to store info, RNA or DNA?: RNA
What two parts of the immune system does HIV have a strong affinity towards?: lymphocytes and phagocytes
What are macrophages a specific type of?: phagocytes
T cells are one of 2 types of what?: lymphocytes
What are the four kinds of T cells?: helper, killer, suppressor, and memory
What protects first macrophages or T cells?: macrophages
What do the helper T Cells do?: directly after the macrophages initiate, attack against foreign entity
What do the killer T Cells do?: respond to helpers and comes in to eradicate foreign entity
What do the suppressor T Cells do?: new lyphocyte production to a halt
What do the memory T Cells do?: establishes immunity to the foreign entity
What two things does HIV go directly for?: macrophages and helper T Cells
What don't the helper T Cells activate post-infection?: the killer T Cells
Are memory T Cells ever activated in HIV?: no
What year and where was HIV first reported in the U.S.?: NY & CA in 1981
Who in the late 1980's were susceptible to HIV?: invaneous drug users and ppl who participated in blood transfusions
What are the 3 transmission modalities of HIV?: Sexual, Blood-borne(rare), and Mother-child
Where is the largest population of HIV in all the world?: Africa; then India(E. Europe) & China(Asia)
What is the 1st stage of HIV?: flu-like symptoms; 2-6mos post-infection, up to 2.5yrs;
What is the 2nd stage of HIV?: asymptomatic HIV infection; referred by CDC as Category A HIV infection;
What is the 3rd stage of HIV?: Category B; 3 specific symptoms: peripheral neuropathy, pelvic inflammatory disease, herpes zoster;
What are the 3 symptoms from Category B/stage 3 of HIV?: 1-peripheral neuropathy (numbness in limbs); 2-pelvic inflammatory disease (gastro probs.); 3-herpes zoster;
What is the 4th stage of HIV?: category C; synonymous with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); symptoms include secondary infection and cancer-like conditions; when multi-symptoms are present AIDS is diagnosed;
Is HIV the cause of death?: NO
What are some category C/stage 4 symptoms?: candidiasis, cervical cancer, cryptococosis, cytomegalovirus, encephalopathy, herpes simplex, histoplamosis, Karposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, pneumonia, septicemia, wasting syndrome;
What does ADC stand for as far as AIDS/HIV is concerned?: AIDS Dementia Complex
How many AIDS patients will get ADC?: 2/3
T/F ADC has been found in acute HIV infection period.: True
T/F there is a cure for HIV.: False
What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS?: education & public awareness; symptom maintenance;
What is the life expectancy of somone with HIV? AIDS?: 21 years; 1-6 years;
What are the medications for HIV/AIDS patients?: reverse transciptase inhibitors (AZT, ddI, ddC); meds for specific symptoms;
How many pills does an HIV patient take approx, and what is the problem with taking so many?: 10+ 4-5x daily; compounding effects can be lethal;
What are the 4 major popular myths about AIDS?: Casual contact can cause AIDS; HIV does Not cause AIDS; The US gov't created AIDS to eliminate ______ population; man and chimpanzee;
What number killer is Cancer?: 2
___ in 4 individuals have some association with cancer: 1
What is cancer?: abnormal, disorderly, and uncontrolled cell growth
Are cancer cells themselves dangerous?: NO
What is dangerous about cancer if its not the cancer cells?: there rxn with other tissues and cells nearby
What are the 3 main causes of cancer?: oncogenes, "trigger effect" and diasthesis-stress model, and carcinogens;
What is an oncogene?: specific genes, if activated turn on switch & allow cancer to grow;
What are carcinogens?: any foreign thing that allows oncogenes
What are the 4 classes of cancer?: sarcomas, carcinomas, leukemias, lymphomas
What type of cancer is sarcoma?: bones, muscles, and connective tissue & heart;
What type of cancer is carcinoma?: epithelial cells
What type of cancer is leukemia?: blood-forming agents
What type of cancer is lymphoma?: infection-fighting agents
What is the top cancer killer for men?: prostate
What is the top cancer killer for women?: breast
What are the 3 top environmental factors of cancer?: tobacco-30%, diet-30%, and virus/bacterial infection-10%;
T/F We know what causes cancer.: FALSE
What cancers are associated with tobacco users?: lung, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, bladder, pancreas, and cervix
What type of cancer is associated with diet?: breast, colon, pancreas, prostate, and ovaries
What type of cancer is associated with genetics?: breast, ovary, colon, lung, and melanoma
What is the acronym for cancer developed by the American Cancer Society?: CAUTION
What do the letters in CAUTION from the ACS mean?: C-hange in bowel/bladder habits; A-sore that does not heal; U-nusual bleeding or discharge; T-hickening or lump found; I-ndigestion or difficulty swallowing; O-bvious change in skin; N-agging cough or hoarseness;
What are the 4 symptoms of cancer?: 1-pressing on nearby tissue, resulting in pain; 2-becomes large enough to be seen/felt; 3-interferes w/ blood vessels, resulting in bleeding; 4-causes change in nearby organ function, resulting in symptoms;
What are 3 ways to diagnose cancer?: physical exam; lab tests; serum chemistries taken for analysis; also imaging & scopes;
T/F More women get cancer than men.: FALSE, no gender preference
What is the name of the system used to decide on appropriate treatment for cancer patients?: TNM system; T-tumor size, N-regional lymph node involvement, M-degree of metastasis;
T/F If you are assigned the number 4 by the TNM system the cancer is absent.: FALSE, 0-absent & 4-bad;
What are 4 major treatment modalities for cancer?: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and biologic therapy
What is the oldest form of cancer treatment?: surgery
What is chemotherapy?: drugs are used to interrupt cancer cell growth;
What 3 ways can chemotherapy be delivered?: intravenous, ambulatory infusion pump, and intra-arterial infusion(liver cancer)
How many cancer patients use radiation?: 50%, alone or with another trtmt.
What is radiation?: high energy x-rays and radioactive isotopes
What is biologic therapy?: biologic substances to manipulate immune system to combat cancer
What is glycoproteins(IL-2)?: showing no side effects and that it works to combat cancer in biologic therapy
What are 3 types of transplantation?: allogenic, autologous, and syngenic
What is an allogenic transplant?: from another individual
What is an autologous transplant?: remove cells & treat externally
What is a syngenic transplant?: only identical twins
Is transplant commonly used to cure cancer?: NO
What number killer is cardiovascular disease?: 1
What is the leading cause of death in the US?: heart disease
What two classes did the New York Heart Association use?: functional and therapeutic
What is the functional class of NYHA?: estimate of symptoms
What is the therapeutic class of NYHA?: recommended physical activity restrictions
What are the 4 NYHA functional classes?: Class I, II, III, IV
What are the 3 symptoms of cardiovascular disase?: high blood pressure, pain, and fatigue
What is class I of NYHA functional classes?: heart disease but no active symptoms
What is class II of NYHA functional classes?: comfortable at rest but has symptoms during ordinary physical activity
What is class III of NYHA functional classes?: comfortable at rest but has symptoms with less than ordinary activity
What is class IV of NYHA functional classes?: symptomatic while resting
What are the NYHA therapeutic classes?: Class A, B, C, D, E
What is class A of NYHA therapeutic classes?: No restrictions needed
What is class B of NYHA therapeutic classes?: No "severe" physical activity
What is class C of NYHA therapeutic classes?: Regular physical activity should be restricted
What is class D of NYHA therapeutic classes?: no physical activity
What is class E of NYHA therapeutic classes?: complete bed rest/in chair
What is an example of how NYHA would give a complete classification using both functional and therapeutic classes?: II-B or IV-E
What are 6 specific heart diseases?: valvular heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension
What is valvular heart disease also known as?: rheumatic heart disease
What does valvular heart disease damage?: valve tissue(mitral, aortic, tricuspid) resulting in stenosis
What age group does valvular heart disease effect?: typically around teens, very rare 30+
What is mitral valve prolapse?: clicking sound "systolic click murmur syndrome"; progressive degeneration of valve due to congenital defect or viral infection
What are symptoms of mitral valve prolapse?: chest pain, fatigue, palpitations, and a sense of anxiety
What is cardiomyopathy?: inflammation of the heart muscle (enlargement of the heart muscle-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy); nerve conduction in myocardium, resulting in cardiac irregularities; increased pressure;
What are the 4 causes of cardiomyopathy?: viral/bacterial infection, chemical exposure, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol abuse
Which of the 4 causes of cardiomyopathy occurs in younger populations? viral/bacterial infection, chemical exposure, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse: viral/bacterial cardiomyopathy
T/F Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death in US.: True
What is coronary artery disease?: restriction of blood flow results in insufficient oxygen delivered to heart; myocardium necrosis & arterial narrowing due to plaque deposits; anoxia results in angina pectoris, poor nerve conduction, and fibrillation; can be insidious in nature; pain & fatigue noted before heart interruption; many ppl have CAD w/out myocardial infarctions
What are some causes of coronary artery disease?: cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, stress, obesity, lack of exercise, and cigarette smoking
T/F Congestive heart failure is a diagnosis.: False, a symptom
What is congestive heart failure?: weakness of the heart muscle due to inflammation and blockages; cardiac hypertrophy in attempt to remain sufficient; thickening of myocardium, increasing risk of myocardial infarction;
What is hypertension?: insufficient pressure for blood flow to the body
What are 9/10 hypertension cases caused by?: Stress
What is systole?: pressure during muscle contraction propelling blood out of heart
What is diastole?: immediate pressure reading post-propulsion (at rest); if this is too great there is a problem;
What are the measurements of hypertension?: normal(lowest #), high normal, mild hypertension, moderate hypertension, severe hypertension, critical hypertension
What is the cause for 95% of those with hypertension, "essential hyperstension"?: no known cause
What is the cause for 5% of hypertension "secondary hypertension"?: kidney disease
What are symptoms for hypertension?: cardio symptoms, headaches, visual problems, nosebleeds
Are the symptoms for essential hypertension & secondary hypertension different?: No
T/F Individuals with cardio problems are seen in acute setting.: True
What medications are for cardiovascular diseases?: blood thinner (activase, coumadin), prescribed aspirin, ACE inhibitors (capoten), beta-blockers (lopressor)
What are diagnostics for cardiovascular disease?: physical, exercise testing, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram/Holter Monitor, cardiac radionuclide imaging, cardiac catherterization
What is cardiac radionuclide imaging?: used in diagnosing cardiovas. disease; injected into vein leading to hart which is viewed using a Gamma camera
What is cardiac catheterization?: used in diagnosing cardiovas. disease; dye is injected into heart via catheter and observed using X-rays
What are treatments for cardiovascular disease?: behavioral intervention(diet, exercise); stress management; medications; surgical intervention(agioplasty, bypass, prosthetic valve replacement, pacemaker, heart transplant)
What is the name of the longest heart study going on?: Framingham heart study
Can women have heart attacks too?: yes
What number killer is cerebrovascular accidents?: 3
What is cerebrovascular accident also known as?: stroke
What is cerebrovascular accident?: any loss of blood flow to the brain
Is reoccurence common in cerebrovascular accidents?: Yes
How many arteries transport from heart to brain?: 4, CVAs most commonly occur when these are interrupted which results in anoxia
What is the age range for cerebrovascular accidents?: age 60-has occured as young as 17
What are 5 typical CVAs?: cerebral embolus, cerebral thrombus, cerebral aneurysm, cerebral vascular malformation, cerebral hypertensive hemorrhage
What two CVAs are ischemic?: cerebral embolus & cerebral thrombus
What 3 CVAs are intercrannial hemorrhages?: cerebral aneurysm, cerebral vascular malformation, cerebral hypertensive hemorrhage
What is cerebral embolus?: ischemic vascular disease; foreign substance in bloodstream delayed or stopped blood flow; brain damage & problems after 6-10 minutes; results in permanent neuro deficits
What is cerebral thrombus?: ischemic vascular disease; clot obstructs carotid/vetebral artery resulting in brain damage; can result in Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)-mini-stroke w/ no residual neuro damage; obstruction over several minutes leads to rapid deficiencies;
What is cerebral aneurysm?: intracranial hemorrhage; rupture of cerebral blood vessel, resulting in open bleeding; occurs in 5th decade of life=50yrs;
What is cerebral vascular malformation?: intracranial hemorrhages; congenital disorder involving abnormal amts of cerebral vessels; vessels rupture due to entanglement; 50% CVMs before age 60;
What is cerebral hypertensive hemorrhage?: intracranial hemorrhage; resulting from hypertension; pressure in cerebral vessels, leads to rupture; occur in cerebrum and brain stem: breathing, autonomic system, and hear beat; MOST DANGEROUS TYPE~fatal by 1mos post-CHH
What are 4 neurological deficits from CVA?: hemiplagia, hemiparesis, asomatagnosia, visual/hearing impairment;
What is hemiplagia?: half body paralyzed; CVA symptom
What is hemiparesis?: sensation but motor weakness; CVA symptom
What is asomatagnosis?: phantom pain; CVA symptom
When involving below the cerebrum, neurological defects are what?: contralateral (most common)
When involving above cerebrum neurological defects are?: ipsilateral
What are 3 emotional deficits due to CVA?: lability-fluctuate from happy to sad; inappropriate behavior; depression;
What is the number one treatment for CVA?: craniectomy-get blood out
What are treatments for CVAs?: craniectomy; blood thinners-for thrombus; treatment for neuro probs PT/OT/ST, behavioral modification, counseling; medication for hypertension (avapro);
What are some considerations for CVAs?: not much warning & risk factors also anyone falls in them
What is diabetes?: class of diseases that are characterized by the human body's inability to metabolize glucose, resulting in defective insulin secretion and/or uptake; resulting in chronic hyperglycemia
What number of death is diabetes?: 6
What is the dilemma for diabetes?: compliance-preventable factor
What are the 3 main types of diabetes?: type I, type II, and gestational & others
What is type I diabetes?: AUTOIMMUNE disorder, does not produce insulin
What is type II diabetes?: METABOLIC disorder, cannot produce enough OR properly use insulin
What is gestational diabetes?: Rare; pregnant women develop type II diabetes during pregnancy but remits after birth
Which type of diabetes is more common?: Type II
What are some risk factors for type I diabetes?: caucasians get it more; no gender or age risks; seasonal trends-born in winter mos.; wheat, soy, cow's milk;
What are some risk factors for type II diabetes?: no gender risk; before age 30 is rare; African Americans at greatest risk; strong family history risk;
What are 3 classic symptoms of type I diabetes?: polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, & weight loss
T/F Is type II diabetes very insidious in nature.: True
What some symptoms of Type I diabetes?: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic rxn; rarely Lactic Acidosis;
What are some symptoms of type II diabetes?: same acute symptoms for type I; add'l problematic long-term stage, such as: peripheral vascular disorders, peripheral neuropathy, LE amputations, retinopathy, leading cause of blindness 24-70, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, abnormal blood lipid levels; erectile dysfunction;
What are 3 findings to diagnose diabetes?: 1-fasting blood glucose over 126mg/dl-most common; 2-2hr blood glucose level over 200mg/dl during oral glucose test; 3-random blood glucose test over 200 mg/dl
Is there a cure for diabetes?: No
T/F Type I diabetes uses injectable insulin.: True
T/F Type II diabetes uses oral medication or injectable insulin.: True
What are 4 treatments for diabetes?: medication, nutrition, exercise, self-monitoring blood glucose
T/F Type II diabetes is in most cases preventable.: True
T/F Only 1 in 4 follow all 4 treatment modalities: true
What is most susceptible in respiratory dysfunction?: smooth muscle airways
T/F Spinal cord is most important "muscle" in body.: True
T/F COPD is a disease state.: False, COPD is a respiratory disorder or syndrome
Individuals w/ COPD have 1 or both of what?: emphysema & chronic bronchitis
What killer number is COPD?: 4
What are the 5 specific diseases of respiratory dysfunction?: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease(ILD);
What is COPD-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?: accumulation of symptoms produced by respiratory diseases that result in a diagnosis if COPD
What are the 2 COPD symptoms?: 1-decreased expiratory air flow pressure; 2-increased resistance to expiratory air flow-breathing thru straw
What is emphysema?: difficulty releasing air; lung tissue destruction due to enzymes released by WBCs; lungs remain in expanded position; alpha-1-antitrypsin: genetic condition that leads to emphysema;
What is emphysema's number one cause?: smoking
What are some symptoms of emphysema?: numerous upper respiratory infections; history of allergies; TYPE A COPD or "Pink Puffers"
What is chronic bronchitis?: airway inflammation & then excessive mucus secretion; typically caused by irritants or can be viral infection;
What is the number 1 irritant to chronic bronchitis?: smoking
What are the 2 reasons for obstruction with chronic bronchitis?: 1-inflammation of tract lining narrowing air flow; 2-presence of mucus which will not allow air flow to pass;
What is chronic bronchitis also known as?: Type B COPD or "Blue Bloaters"
What is asthma?: episodic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperreactivity;
Does asthma cause damage to lung tissue?: no, just small airways leading to lungs
What are 2 types of asthma?: extrinsic-triggered by external factors, allergens; intrinsic-attacks are caused by infections or physiological rxn
Can you have both types of asthma?: Yes, extrinsic & intrinsic
How can you diagnose respiratory dysfunctions?: PE & patient complaint, spirometer measurement, CBC, electrocardiogram, exercise testing
What is the treatments for respiratory dysfunctions?: bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, lung volume reduction surgery-emphysema NOT asthma, lung transplantation-greatest rejection rate of organ transplants;
What is cystic fibrosis?: GENETIC deficiency disease characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections; 1 in 20 carry trait for CF; diagnosed by 6mos, life limited to 29yrs.; improper cellular retention of sodium chloride; dry mucus; individs can go asymptomatic until adolescence-later trigger more rapid decline in health;
How can you diagnose cystic fibrosis?: PE & history of respiratory infections during infancy/childhood; sweat test; DNA analysis;
What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?: antibiotic therapy(flucloxacillin); pulmonary physical therapy-percussion on chest; nutritional support;
What is interstitial lung disease?: inflammation of alveolar walls inside of lungs; almost only from industrial irritants & ag byproducts;
What are some examples of ILD?: Black lung, Farmer's lung, Bird breeder's lung, silicosis, asbestosis;
What is the diagnosis of ILD?: PE, evaluation of job site, X-ray of lungs, spirometry, CBC;
What is the treatment for ILD?: job/hobby change; corticosteroid therapy; pulmonary physical therapy; lung transplantation;
What do kidneys do?: they filter the human body; sole purpose is to maintain chemical balance; only need 1 to survive
What are nephrons?: individual filtering units in kidneys; consist of 2 parts: glomerulus and tubules
What is the glomerulus?: fomation of capillary vessels
What are the tubules?: tube formation that extends from a membrane capsule over the glomerulus;
What are Bowman's capsule?: the membrane capsule that covers glomerulus;
What is the glomerulus' job?: retains blood cells and proteins while allowing waste products to pass thru; absorption & excretion process;
What is an example of the downward spiral if you have renal failure?: lose excretion function, kidneys retain excess sodium, body retains water, edema increase lead to fluid volume pressure increase in body, weakens arteries, end result CVA
What is acute renal failure?: rapid decline of kidney function due to trauma, internal bleeding, or shock; very treatable;
What is chronic renal failure?: progressive decline, resulting in waste build up
Symptoms of renal failure is similar to type II diabetes, and are?: waxy appearance, fatigue, itchiness, loss of cognitive functioning, headaches, nausea/vomiting, malnutrition & weight loss;
How can you diagnose for renal failure?: physical exam w/ chief complaints (LBP & urination probs); lab testing to measure increase levels of trace minerals
What are treatment option for renal failure?: no cure; meds-calcium channel blockers (covera); 2 modalities: dialysis & transplantation;
What are the 2 forms of dialysis?: hemodialysis & peritoneal dialysis
What is hemodialysis?: circulated outside the body thru dialysis machine for waste product removal; performed 3x week; 3-5hrs session; major fatigue and loss of appetite;
What is peritoneal dialysis?: incision thru abdomen allowing surgical placement of catheter; allows waste products to pour out as sol'n (sterile dialysate) is put in; peritoneum is membrane; not as effective;
T/F Tranplantation is the ideal treatment for renal failure?: True
How long is someone w/ renal failure expected to live?: 7.9 yrs
What are rheumatic diseases?: inflammatory conditions of joints or connective tissue;
What 3 common tendencies do all rheumatic diseases share?: 1-insidious; 2-maintain fluctuating periods of exacerbations(bad) and remissions(not so bad); 3-resistant to medical therapy; NO CURES
What are the 4 fundamental features of rheumatic disease?: pain, inflammation, abnormality, fatigue
What are 5 specific rheumatic diseases?: rhematoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, scleroderma, anklosing spondylitis;
How many other than that 5 known rheumatic diseases are there?: 32
What is rheumatoid arthritis?: systemic disorder of the connective tissue-primary target includes joints
What is synovium?: joint endings
T/F if rheumatoid arthritis involves the hands and wrists deformity is common.: True
T/F We know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis.: False

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Number of cards 250