page 100-104
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- a scientist who studies the human past by examining the things people left behind.
- archaeologist p.27
- a tool or other object made by humans.
- artifact p.27
- to move from one location to another.
- migrate p.27
- former land bridge connecting Asia with North America and now under waters of Bering Strait.
- Beringia (66 N 169 W), p. 27, m28
- a way of life shared by people with similar arts, beliefs, and customs.
- culture (KUL chuhr) n. (p.28)
- the practice of breeding plants or taming animals to meet human needs.
- domestication (doh MES ti KAY shuhn) (p. 28)
- a form of culture characterized by city trade centers, specialized workers, organized forms of government and religion, systems of record keeping, and advanced tools.
- civilization (siv uh li ZAY shuhn) n. (p. 29)
- the practice of bringing water to crops.
- irrigation n. (p.29)
- an early Native American who built large earthen structures.
- Mound Builder n. p.31
- Illinois Mound Builders site; village taken from British by Clark in 1778.
- Cahokia (39 N 90 W),31, m203
- the use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs.
- technology n. p.32
- a small boat made of animal skins.
- kayak (KY ak)n. p.33
- a treeless plain that remains frozen under its top layer of soil.
- tundra (TUN druh) n. p.33
- a society in which ancestry is traced through the mother.
- matrilineal (mat ruh LIN ee uhl) adj. p36
- a 16th-century alliance of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca Native American groups living in the eastern Great Lakes region.
- Iroquois (IR uh kwoh) League n. p.37
- a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which fertilize the soil.
- slash-and burn agriculture (ag rih kuhl chuhr) n. p.37
- first powerful West African trading empire in the 8th-11th centuries A.D.
- Ghana (GAH nuh) n. p.39,40,m40
- region from which most Africans were brought to the Americas.
- West Africa 39,m40
- a religion founded by the prophet Muhammad in the 600s, which teaches that there is one God, named Allah.
- Islam (is LAHM) n. p.41
- early West African trading empire succeeding Ghana empire.
- Mali 41, m40
- a West African people who lived in what is now northern Nigeria after A.D. 1000.
- Hausa (HOW suh) n. p.42
- West African people who formed several states southwest of the Niger River.
- Yoruba
- West African empire that succeeded Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591.
- Songhai
- West African kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s.
- Benin
- A period from the late 400s to about the 1300s, during which Europeans turned to feudalism and the manor system.
- European Middle Ages
- A political system in which the king allow nobles the use of his land in exchange for their military service and their protection of people living on the land.
- feudalism (FYOOD l iz uhm) n. (p.44)
- A series of wars to capture the Holy Land, launched in 1096 by European Christians.
- Crusades (kroo SAYDZ) n. (p.45)
- A system in which lords divided their lands inot estates, which were farmed mostly by serfs who received protection from the lord in return.
- manor system n. (p.45)
- A period of European hsitory, lasting from the 1300s to 1600, that brought increased interest in art and learning.
- Renaissance (rehn ih SAHNS) n. (p.46)
- A machine invented about 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg
- printing press n. (p.47)
- A 16th entury religious movement to correct problems in the Roman Catholic Church.
- Reformation n. (p.47)
- Money a business makes, after subtracting the costs of doing business from the income.
- profit n. (p.48)
- A ship with triangular sails that allowed it to sail into the wind and with square ssails that carried it forward when the win was at its back.
- caravel (KAR uh vel) n. (p.49)
- A person who plans the course of a ship while at sea.
- navigator n. (p.49)
- Nation in southwestern Europe; leader in early oceanic explorations.
- Portugal (p.49)
- Nation in southwestern Europe; early empire builder in the Americas.
- Spain (p.50)
- West Indies island (shared today by Dominican Republic and Haiti) that Columbus mistook for Asia.
- Hispaniola (p.52)
- West Indies island near the Bahamas where Columbus first landed in the Americas.
- San Salvador (p.52)
- An economic system in which nations inrease their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade.
- mercantilism (MUHR kuhn tee liz uhm) n. (p.61)
- A person sent by the Church to preach, teach, and convert native peoples to Chrstianity.
- missionary n. (p.61)
- The 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal agreeed to divide the lands of the Western Hemispere between them and moved the Line of Demarcation further west.
- Treaty of Tordesillas (tawr duh SEE uhs) n. (p.61)
- A Spaniard who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and a conqueror in the 16th century.
- conquistador (kon KWIS tuh dawr) n. (p.63)
- Former region of Mexico once under Aztec control (p.63)
- Aztec Empire
- Aztec Empire capital, now site of Mexico City.
- Tenochtitlan (.p64)
- Oldest permanent European settlement (1565) in the United States, on Florida's northeast coast.
- St. Augustine (p.68)
- A fleet of ships sent in 1588 by Philip II, the Spanish king, to invade England and restore Roman Catholicism.
- Spanish Armada (ahr MAH duh) n. (p.69)
- Narrow waterway separating Great Britain from France (p.69).
- English Channel
- First permanent French colony in North America.
- New France (p.70)m148
- Early Dutch colony that became New York in 1664.
- New Netherland (p.70)
- A province ruled by a viceroy, who ruled in the king's name.
- viceroyalty (VYS roi uhl tee) n. (p.71)
- Former North American provinc eof the Spanish Empire, made up mostly of present-day Mexico and the southwest United States.
- New Spain (p.71)
- A grant of Native American labor.
- encomienda (en koh mee YEN huh) n. (p.72)
- A large farm or estate.
- haceinda (hah see En duh) n. (p.72)
- A settlement created by the Church in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
- mission n. (p.72)
- Area of North Ameirca between Mexico and South America.
- Central America (m72, Atlas)
- A large farm that raises cash crops.
- plantation n. (p.73)
- The transfer of plants, animals and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemisphere.
- Columbian (kuh LUM bee uhn) Exchange n. (p.74)
- The half of the world that includes the Americas.
- Western Hemisphere (p.75)
- The practice of holding a person in bondage for labor.
- slavery n. (p.76)
- The forced removal of Africans from their homelands to serve as slave labor in the Americas.
- African Diaspora (AF rih kuhn dy AS puhr uh n. (p.78)
- The middle leg of the triangular trae route -- the voyage from Africa to the Americas--that brought captured Africans into slavery.
- Middle Passage n. (p.78)
- The belief that some people are inferior because of their race.
- racism (RAY sihz uhm) n. (p.79)
- A law passed to regulate the treatment of slaves.
- slave code n. (p.79)
- Island off the coast of North Carolina; 1585 sit of the first English colony in the Americas.
- Roanoak Island (p.85)m87
- A business in which investors pool their wealth in order to turn a profit.
- joint-stock company n. (p.86)
- A written contract issued by a government giving the holder the right to establish a colony.
- charter n. (p.87)
- The first permanent English settlement in North America.
- Jamestown n. (p.87)
- Created in 1619, the first reprentative assembly in the American colonies.
- House of Burgesses n. (p.88)
- A person who sold his or her labor in exchange for passage to America.
- indentured servant n. (p.88)
- A revolt against powerful colonial authority in Jamestown by Nathaniel Bacon and a group of landless frontier settlers that resulted in the burning of Jamestown in 1676.
- Bacon's Rebellion n. (p.89)
- A member of the group that rejected the Church of England, sailed to America, and founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620.
- Pilgrim n. (p.92)
- An agreement established by the men who sailed to America on the Mayflower, which called for laws for the good of the colony and set forth the idea of self-government.
- Mayflower Compact n. (p.93)
- Town on Massachusetts coast and site of Pilgrim landing and colony.
- Plymouth (p.93)
- A member of a group from England that settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and sought to reform the practices of the Church of England.
- Puritan n. (p.94)
- A set of laws that were established in 1639 by a Puritan congregation who had settled in the Connecticut Valley and that expanded the idea of representative government.
- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut n. (p.95)
- A war between the Puritan colonies and Native Americans in 1675-1676.
- King Philip's War n. (p.96)
- Large river in eastern New York.
- Hudson River (p.100)
- a person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland and in return received a large land grant and other special privileges.
- patroon (puh TROON) n. p.101
- a colony with a single owner.
- proprietary colony n. (pruh PRY ih tehr ee) p.101
- a person who believed all people should live in peace and harmony; accepted different religions and ethnic groups.
- Quaker (KWAY kuhr) n. p.101
- a colony ruled by governors appointed by a king.
- royal colony n. p.103
- a colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains through the far western part of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies.
- Backcountry n. p.109
- northeast U.S. region made up of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
- New England p.109, m110
- a farm that produces enough food for the family with a small additional amount for trade.
- subsistence farm n. p.110
- the transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America.
- triangular trade n. p.111
- numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, between Florida and South America.
- West Indies p.111,m111
- a series of laws passed by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to ensure that England made money from its colonies' trade.
- Navigation Acts n. p.112
- to illegally import or export goods.
- smuggle v. p.112
- a crop grown by a farmer to be sold for money rather than for personal use.
- cash crop n. p.115
- a mill in which grain is ground to produce flour or meal.
- gristmill (GRIST mil) n. p.115
- a skilled worker, such as a weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand; a craftsperson.
- artisan (AHR ti zuhn)n. p.117
- a vehicle with wide wheels, a curved bed, and a canvas cover used by American pioneers traveling west.
- Conestoga (kon i STOW guh) wagon n. p. 117
- a variety of people.
- diversity (di VUR si tee) n. p.117
- a plant grown in the Southern colonies that yields a deep blue dye.
- indigo n. p.121
- a worker hired by a planter to watch over and direct the work of slaves.
- Overseer n. p.122
- a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws.
- Stono (STOH noh) Rebellion n. p.123
- a mountain range that stretches from eastern Canada south to Alabama.
- Appalachian (ap uh LAY chee uhn) Mountains n. p.126 m127
- the point at which a waterfall prevents large boats from moving farther upriver.
- fall line n. p.126
- a broad plateau that leads to the foot of a mountain range.
- piedmont n. p.126