ch. 25 and 26 Industrialization
Terms
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- Congress of Vienna
- met to end the Napolien Era to confine French a Peach settlement GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria and France
- Settlements
- restoration of Bourbon dynasty , France became bigger, used balance of power made the Congress system
- Problems that arose
- compromises for land Russia and Prussia Polish kingdom and Prussia took Saxony
- Results of Congress of Vienna
- established the congress system that met around Europe to settle crisis’s no major European war until 1914
- Liberalism
- free economy Adam Smith labor unions were harmful Universal male suffrage did not like mass democracy
- Supporters of Liberalism
- business groups middle class
- Nationalism
- cultural unity into political reality liberals thought it was good gov’t nations had right to exist in freedom
- Radicalism
- radical changes mass democracy universal male suffrage sweeping changes
- Supporters of radicalism
- working class
- Reasons for decline
- working class unions wages inc. they were apart of the system
- French Utopian Socialism
- economic planning gov’t to organize econ like when they made price of bread constant and to own land socialism started in France and upheld by Saint Simon wanted industrialists to guide economy and Fourier
- Marxian Socialism
- Communist Manifesto sexual freedom class exploitation
- Communism
- economical equality no body should own anything state plans and regulates economy
- Revolutions Greece 1827
- National Liberation from the Turks w/ VICTORY due to 3 major powers against Turkey Austria was apposed
- Reform in Great Britain 1846
- Corn Laws were devastating and the repeal of the Corn Laws to put back grain Reform Bill of 1832 VICTORY but not in Ireland less work hours
- France Liberal Revolution 1830
- small suffrage even w/ Constitutional Charter Charles restricted speech “3 glorious days†brought the gov’t down VICTORY
- French Liberal Revolution 1948
- Louis Philipe came to power and but enacted little reform clash between socialism and capitalism and moderists and radicals brought down gov’t Loius Napolean became an authoritarian by vote FAILURE
- Austria Nationalism 1948
- Austria was split up by many cultures and Hungary wanted universal suffrage and ended serfdom revolution was brought down by the empire FAILURE
- Prussia Liberal Reform 1850
- unification of the German states Russia and Austria forced Prussia to give up the German Cofederation was reestablished FAILURE
- Dual Revolution
- economic and political revolution side by side
- German Unification Bismarck
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Bismarck who was chief minister did not obey Parliament controlled army and foreign affairs unified N German states under King of Prussia of a Confederation but took war w/ France to unify all of the German states Gave Frederick William absolutist power Germany became the strongest power enacted social reforms
Hegel: history had a patter and purpose built his economic ideas from Ricardo the proletariat will conquer Bourgeoisie w/ violent revolution - Kaiser Wilheim
- emperor of Germany and king of Prussia
- Frankfurt Assembly 1948
- Prussian liberals made Frederick William grant a constitutional monarchy and be emperor but Austria and Russia made them to stop unification of Germany
- “Blood and Ironâ€
- Kulturkampf
- The struggle (1871–1883) between the Roman Catholic Church and the German government under Bismarck for control over school and ecclesiastical appointments and civil marriage
- Realpolitik
- A usually expansionist national policy having as its sole principle advancement of the national interest.
- Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
- leadership by Emannuel and Cavour and the nationalist favor to unify Italy
- Cavour
- leader of Sardinia who led a liberal constitutional Sardinia w/ highways and railroads and civil liberties ended up to unify Italy
- Mazzini
- wanted a republic who preached a centralized democracy and universal suffrage and will of the people spurred movement
- Victor Emmanuel II
- was leader of Piedmont and he wanted to unify Italy too got Venice and Rome
- Garibaldi
- got Southern Italy Italian general and nationalist who led 1,000 volunteers in the capture of Sicily and Naples (1860). His conquest led to the formation of the kingdom of Italy (1861).
- Constitutional gov’t of Italy
- under Victor Emmanuel small suffrage and north was industrial while south was agrarian politically divided
- Loius Pasteur
- Germ theory of disease. Created method to observe fermentation and avoid spoilage. Specific diseases are caused by specific bacteria and is therefore controllable. Pasteurization.
- Charles Darwin
- Chance differences among the members of a given species help some survive while others die. Natural selection, Survival of the fittest. Became racial
- o Sigmund Freud
- Psychology. Psycholanalytic perspective. Dream analysis.
- o Social Darwinism
- Poor are ill-fated weak, prosperous the chosen strong and should rule that way.
- o Romanticism
- Revolt against Enlightenment. Emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, spontaneity. Individualism. Chopin, Beethoven. Concept of nature.
- o Realism
- Science, psychology, philosophy. How/why things work. Chemistry, Darwinism, Technology.
- o Impressionism
- Like surrealism, very individualistic.