Humanities midterm flashcards

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Thales: everything is made of water
Heraclitus: everything is in flux. Unity of opposites
Pythagoras: -brought math to philosophy
-started the pythagoreans who worshipped numbers
Xenophanes: questioned human views of god
Paramenides: believed everything came from something else, nothing just appears
Empedocles: four elements: earth, air, fire, water
Atomists: undivisible particles called atoms
Socrates-general (3): -most influential of the golden age
-Socratic method
-Rebellious (gadfly) and executed for it
Plato- general (4): -used socratic method
-better to suffer wrong than commit it
-forms and ideals vs our world of flux
-arts=distraction
Aristotle- general (5) -school and accomplished alum -idea:____ -disagreed with ____ on____ -key question:____ -everything sort of relates to ____.: -started school: the Lyceum. tutored Alexander the Great
-saving the experiences: observation+experience=key
-no world of forms
-What is being?
-Golden Mean
Aristotle-Achievements (6) mapped out ____: ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____.: mapped out basic fields of inquiry: logic, physics, economics, meterology, rhetoric, ethics
Aristotle-government: gov=enabling state, enabling the people
Aristotle-tragedy/drama: catharsis= cleansing by pity and terror
drama should have a beginning, middle, and end
Who did Aristotle prefigure?: the empiricists
what group of thinkers did plato prefigure?: the rationalists
Cynics-general (4): -"like a dog"
-first of four new schools
-Antisthenes was progenitor
-no government, property, marrige, religion
Antisthenes (3) -who was he a deciple of?: -started cynics
-deciple of Socrates
-dropped out of society to live the simple life
Diogenes (4): -more famous than Antisthenes
-Deliberately shocked people
-lived like a dog-"cynic"
-"I am a citizen of the world" (first cosmompolitan)
Sceptics (4) What did they say? What did this belief mean in terms of their actions? first ___ in philosophy. Who started them?: -"nothing can be proved"
-thus very accepting of other cultures
-first relativists in philosophy
-started by Pyrhho
Timen of Philus (3) -Whose student was he? -What was one of his beliefs; to what group did he belong?: -Every argument/proof came from unproven premises
-sceptic
-student of Pyrhho, the first sceptic
Epicureans (5): -est by Epicurus
-liberate people from fear of death and life "Death is nothing to us"
-be happy, but "live unknown." avoid human mess.
-Atomists, "the gods don't want to meddle in human affairs
-Denounced by Christianity
The Epicureans were like what modern belief? -____and____ ____.: scientific and liberal humanism
Who founded Stoicism? list three beliefs what are emotions, according to them?: -Zeno
-no authority higher than reason, nature.
-emotions=cognitive judgements,forms of knowledge
-suicide is ok when it's rational
St. Augustine-early life: rejected christianity as a teen, went on a philosophical quest (Manichaeism to skepticism to Plato), returned to "Catholic Christianity." Brought new ideas with him.
CONFESSIONS (3) -who did he anticipate in what idea about what? -_____ -_____: -1st autobiography
-"Lord make me chaste, but not yet"
-anticipated kant: time is an adjective, not a noun
St Augustine- (3) 2important beliefs and a fact: -predestination: screwed the heritics
-more internal philosphical quest
-last great philosopher before the dark ages
THE CITY OF GOD (2): God's kingdom-like the forms, eternal
our world is shifty.
-beliefs result of the fall of rome
-written by St Augustine
When the German Barbarians ravaged Europe, where did many philosophical works end up?: The islamic world (mainly Aristotle's stuff)
What sea did the people of Europe cross to escape the Germans?: The Irish sea
John Scotius Erigena (John the Scot)(3): -like Augustine, tried to find a way to combine christianity and philosophy (but less psycho)
-since you can't arrive at false conclusions through correct reason, it must be divine reason
-"no one, including god can understand their own nature"
Abelard (3): -Mideval Philosopher
-Loved Héloise but got castrated by her brothers
-was concerned with whether or not universals actually exist or whether they were unattainable. Red and the tree.
Realists: like plato, said that the ideals exist and are the model for everything
Nominalists: like Aristotle, said that universals are useful for describing things, but not really in existence
What are the three arguments for the existence of god?: TELEOLOGICAL- universe has design, so someone must have designed it.
COSMOLOGICAL-well the earth's here, so it must have been created by something
ONTOLOGICAL-imagine the greatest, but it's not really the greatest because it doesn't exist, so the greatist must exist
Midevial Renaissance-a return and 2 personalities.: -Aristotle's work returns
-Roger Bacon: Oxfordian who contributed to the trend of practical observation
-Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas(4): -"official philosopher of the catholic church"
-assembled western thought and belief
-knowledge through sensory experience, sensory experience through god's creation
-Essence vs. Existence, eg the unicorn has essence, but it doesn't exist.
William of Ockham -Knowledge through _____. -_____: -knowldge through logical argugument and speculation
-"Ockham's Razor" simpler = better
Claudius Ptolemy(2): -Ptolemaic system: earth is the center of the universe
-adopted by the catholic church
Nicolaus Copernicus(3) Whose system did he disagree with? -_____ -_____: -refuted the ptolematic system,saying that the sun was the center of the solar system
-waited until after his death to release it
-big church upset
Johannes Kepler: planets move in elipses, motion faster in some parts than in others
Galileo -what was he condemned for? -power and authority..._____: -asserted his beliefs that the earth rotates on its axis and orbits the sun, eventually condemned for them
-"Power and authority... should have no power in the truth-seeking activities of science"
Galileo: discoveries (6): Thermometer, all bodies fall at the same rate, every projectile follows a parabola, pendulum + application in clocks, objects in motion stay in motion, OBJECTIVITY IN SCIENCE: you can't base discoveries off things that aren't concrete and undeniable
Isaac Newton: discoveries (3): -analyzed constituent properties of light, invented calculus, worked out the law of gravitation
Niccolo Machiavelli (4) -1st to ___ -what he concerned himself with -jarring quote -applies ___ to ___.: -1st to study objectively (how it really is)
-realities of politics: how people get, keep, and lose power.
-"it is much safer for a prince to be feared than loved"
-applies experimental science to politics
M. Nussbaum-What should human development reports include? (other than economics) (3): -education
-health
-political access
M. Nussbaum-necessary conditions for human dignity (3): -adequate health
-labor conditions
-political conditions
(even if a person is incapable of reason, they still have dignity)
Nussbaum on education (3): -school should be tailored to the individual.
-special resources for the below average
-standardized testing ruins this
According to Nussbaum, what does one need to become a "citizen of the world?" (3): -Factual knowledge (history of economy, religions, culture, etc)
-knowledge of another place (to avoid generalizing)
-Imagination (visualize someone else's situation)
According to Nussbaum and the Stoics, what freedom do nonhumans lack?: moral choice
What was Aristotle's school called and how was it different from Plato's Academy?: -The Lyceum
-Broader focus
What are Aristotle's four causes?: -material (what it's made of)
-efficient (How/who made it)
-formal (blueprint/intention)
-final (end, function)
Who was Aristotle's god? What was it?: -Thea
-pure perfection of thought
"Saving the Appearances": tweak theory to explain what already is. Save theory from appearance
what were the key differences between Greece and China in Confucius' time?: Polis vs Empire
Individualism vs collectivism
Democracy vs Feudalism
What is one of the main differences between Plato and Confucius?: Plato- future, new republic
Confucius- Past, the rites
Sophists (3): -Those "professing to know"
-Charged crazy money to teach rich kids
-enemies of plato and Aristotle
Who were the big three?: Plato, Socrates, Aristotle
What were Plato's 6 major works and what were they about?: -Apology (unexamined life)
-Phaedrus (love/beauty)
-Symposium (extended love, added opinion)
-Meno (you already know)
-Republic (ideals)
-Laws (pessimistic, focus on religion)
Plato-ideas ____?: make contact with the forms
Plato- Dialectic (3): -logical disputation, how truth is arrived at
-in the myth of the cave, the prisoner's ascent is the dialectic
-must be instilled into the philosopher kings
Bee/gadfly/torpedo fish: -annoy/ numb people's thinking to spur deeper thinking
-plato and socrates
Myth of Metals: -Gold (philosopher kings)
-Silver (guardians)
-bronze (workers)
-plato
Tripartide soul: (Plato)
-reason=head (lusts after truth)
-spirit=middle (lusts after honor, glory
-appetites=bottom (lusts after appetites: food, drink, sex, etc.)
Hobbes -how did he view everything? -what school of thought did he invent? -According to him, what causes societies? -what is there without societies? -what book did he write?: -Everything is a machine
-founded metaphysical materialism
-fear of death causes societies
-without society, you get "war of every man against every man"
-Authority can be individual or group with power from commonwealth
-chaos is worse than tyrrany
-LEVIATHAN
descartes -1st ___ -What did he ask? (2) -what method did he develop? -what mathematical idea did he invent? -One famous quote -Why did he think god existed?: -1st modern philosopher
-"what can i know?"
-deduction:logical steps to new truth
-Cartesian Plane, coordinate geometry
-What evidence do we have that life isn't just a dream?
-higher spirit trying to decieve us?
-"I think, therefore I am"
-God exists because we have ideas about him
Rationalism: who invented it and what is it?: Descartes, knowledge only through reason.
Cartesian Dualism: two kinds of substance: mind and matter, subject and object, observer and observed, etc.
Spinoza (5 ideas)' -views on god -what was the body? -how did he think we could understand the world? -___ -___: -Deidication of nature:god is the world because how could god have any limits?
-body=soul in outward form
-achieve understanding of the world by applying mathematics to reality
-nothing happens by chance
-no real difference between good and evil
Leibnitz (4) -nickname -views on truths -discoveries (2) -thoughts on god and the world: -"supreme Polymath"
-divided truths into two groups: truths of reason and truths of fact
-discovered calculus and kinetic energy
-"god created the best world possible, one with free will"
Analytic statements -____ -____ Who's idea were they?: -true without any need for examination
-opposite of synthetic statements, which depend on deduction
(Leibnitz)
Synthetic statements -what are they and who's idea: True through experimentation
(leibnitz)
"Sufficient Reason" What was it and whose idea was it?: "for everything that is the case, there must be some reason why it's the case"
(Leibnitz)
Monads (3) Whose idea? What were they? What did they include?: -everything is made of them
-points of view in relation to the rest of the world
-human mind, god, (they vary in intensity)

(Leibnitz)
Pre-established harmony -whose idea and what was it?: god made everything to live together
(Leibnitz)
Charioteer Analogy: -Charioteer=reason
-white horse=spirit
-black horse=appetite

(plato)
Pythagoreans(4) -what were they? -____ -What did they think of physical reality? -which of their beliefs has since been disproven?: -religious society
-Questioned the authority of secular rulers
-Physical reality is really mathematical, but abstracted by the mind
-all numbers are rational (WRONG)
Plato on Mathematics(2): -"let noone enter here who is ignorant of mathematics"
-"Geometry aims at the knowledge of the eternal"
Non-Euclidian Geometry: 5 basic principles: -draw a straight line from any two points
-cut into indefinite line segments
-circle has a center and a positive radius
-all right angles are equal
-a straight line is a straight line
Philosophers should be "_____ for humanity" -Nussbaum, "Who needs Philosophy": lawyers
Capabilities Approach(3) ("Who needs philosophy" -Nussbaum): -freedom of individuals, equal worth
-asks about distribution of resources, oppurtunities
-scrutiny of cultural tradition, source of unequal abilites
Why is there a need for cosmopolitanism today, according to Nussbaum? (2): -too much blind nationalism (morally dangerous, subverts patriotism's worthy goals)
-we may need more cosmopolitan education. something more than basic human rights?
What stoic arguements for cosmopolitanism does Nussbaum cite? (4): -local community is a random pick, but global community is where the obligations are
-Civic(study of humanity) education is education for a world citizenship
-no need to give up local identifications if you want a world citizenship (concentric circles)
-learn about the different to understand what is universal
According to Nussbaum, we _____ through cosmopolitan education (4): -learn more about ourselves
-get better at national negotiation
-realize that we have a moral obligation to the rest of the world (not just to citizens of our own country)
-are less hypocritical in our education system. Values need to be universal, not limited to our own little sphere
According to Nussbaum, why is cosmopolitainism so difficult? (2): -it's kind of like exile. No refuge in local truths and patriotism, just reason and love of humanity
-Cosmopolitanism isn't as colorful or passionate as patriotism. More imagination.
What are Nussbaum's four judgements involved in compassion?: -Judgement of seriousness (putting self in other's shoes)
-Judgement of nondesert (do they deserve this?)
-Judgement of similar possibilities (do we share this person's feelings, could this happen to us?)
-Eudaimonistic Judgement (Can this affect me?)
How does Nussbaum address the problem of a lack of compassion in the world? (4): extension and education of compassion; within the limits of respect.
-balance between needs of humanity and needs of self
-education of human weakness while learning about potential pitfalls to understanding
-no overvaluing external goods
-terror can help make us aware
what are the two major themes of the Ashby Harper packet?: -Great privilege brings great responsibility
-students must represent school and values throughout life
What is Socrates on trial for in his apology?: corrupting the city and not believing in the gods
What are five major points of the apology?: -I'm innocent, the youth were only mimicing, I didn't teach them anything
-Gadfly: "the olympian victor makes you think yourselves happy, i make you happy"
-But now that you're accusing an innocent man, your fate will be worse
-There will be more to replace me
-"which of us goes to the better lot is known to no one, except the god"
According to Aristotle, what is the proper function of man?: to have a soul in conformity with a rational principle
What are Aristotle's three classes of good?: -external goods
-goods of the soul
-goods of the body
What is happiness, according to Aristotle?: the activity of the soul with conformity to virtue
What are Aristotle's two main types of virtue?: -intellectual virtue (product of experience and time
-moral virtue (product of habit)
how would Aristotle judge a virtue?: weiging pleasure vs pain

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