Western/Euro Influence in Syria
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- European intervention for reforms in OE 1839 and 1854
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Protection of minorities:
France: Catholics and Maronites
Brtain: Jews and Druzes
Russia: Orthodox - European Consuls
- Established by M.A. in Damascus
- Catholic influence
- -Maronites acknowledged in 1736. Jesuits introduced catholic press in 1853
- Protestant Activity
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American Protestant in 1847 had pringting press.
-Syria Protestant College in 1866, school of medicine in Beirut - Others
- Brit Anglicans in Jerusalem. Russians were around too.
- Effects of Guild System
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-Guilds of ME were autonomous and applied division of labor, services
-Integrated religious communities through work ethic
-Merc Europe coencited w/trad. subsid. economy
-No pop. explosion/urban expansion - Impact of Industrial Empire
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-Domination of local markets by Euro goods. Steamships in Beirut and Alex. Roads and railways.
-Ott Comm Treaty reduced customs duty
-Compet. of Euro goods in local mkts.
-Impact on local textiles (diminishing sales, layoffs etc.)
-Suez in 1869 - Cash crops
- Silk and cotton now divided to world economy
- Proto-Bourgeoisie
- New class of middlemen divided to world economy, mostly Christian.
- Rural Revolts
- Maronites in Mt. leb, moved to Druze territory.
- Urban Riots
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Aleppo in '50, Damsc in'60.
-Christians favored, minorities persecuted.
-Disparity b/n Haves and Have Notes (Craftsmen)
-Imitation of Euro texts through Jacquard loom
-Syrian Proto-Bourg
-Local manufacts. resort to partnerships across relig divide like guild