Psych Quiz 3
Terms
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- cognition
- the mental activities of acquiring, storing, retrieving and using knowledge
- mental images
- mental representations of previously stored sensory experience
- concepts
- mental representations of a group or category that share similar characteristics
- Language
- form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules
- mental images includes representations from which senses?
-
All!
visual
auditory
olfactory (smell)
motor
gustatory (taste) - problem solving and decision making use what part of the brain?
- prefrontal cortex
- Examples of concepts
- cars, rivers
- examples of abstract concepts
- freedom, intelligence, good and evil
- Concepts are essential because they
- simplify and organize
- artificial concepts
-
created from logical rules or definitions
Ex: triangle has 3 sides
Found in math and science - Natural concepts/prototypes
- formed by everyday life experiences
- Hierarchies
-
group concepts into subcategories within broader categories
(makes learning new material faster) - Problem solving involves these 3 steps
-
preparation
production
evaluaton - Preparation
-
1. identifying given facts
2. separating relevant from irrelevant facts
3. defining the ultimate goal - Production
-
possible solutions called hypothesis
1. Algorithms-logical step by step procedures
2. Heuristics-simple rules that dont guaranteee results but narrow down alternatives - Evaluation
-
Hypothesis generated in step 2 must be evaluated to see if they meet the criteria defined in step 1
evaluate if problem has been solved - Barriers to problem solving
- mental sets, functional fixedness, confirmation bias
- mental sets
-
using strategies that have worked in the past instead of trying new strategies.
Example: connecting all dots in a square in 4 lines - functional fixedness
- tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary ways
- Confirmation Bias
- preferring info that confirms preexisting beliefs and ignore discounting contradictory evidence
- Availability Heuristic
-
judging the likelihood an event based on how readily available other instances of the event are in memory
ex: 9/11 - representative heuristic
-
estimating the prob of somthing based on how well the circumstanes match our previous prototype
ex: tall=bball player - Creativity
- the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way
- creativity possess these 3 characteristics
- originality, fluency, flexibility
- fluency
- generating a large number of possible solutions
- flexibility
- shifting from one problem solving strategy to another
- divergent thinking
- a major element of creativity; thinking that produces many alternatives to a single starting point
- Convergent thinking
- narrowing down alternatives to converge on a single correct answer
- Example of divergent thinking
- how many ways you can use a paperclip
- example of convergent thinking
- choosing best answer in multiple choise
- building blocks to language
-
phonemes
morphemes
grammar
- phonemes
- smallest unit of speech or sound
- morphemes
- smalles meaningful units of language
- grammar
- system of rules used to generate acceptable language and communication
- example of phonemes
- p in pansy
- example of morphemes
-
prefixes:
un in unthinkable - example of grammar
- they was in my psychology class...wrong
- some believe that language development is ...
-
innate
present from birth - Chomsky
- language acquisition device (LAD)
- True or false: Culture can play a role in language development
- true
- Pre-linguistic stage
-
from birth-6 months
crying:reflexive response
cooing: vowel-like sounds
Babbling: vowel/consonant combos - Wechsler defined intelligence as...
- the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully and deal effectively with the enviroment
- Intelligence is a .....concept
- hypothetical, abstract
- Spearman's view on intelligence
- single ability or general factor called "g"
- Multiple abilities
- Thurstone and Guilford
- Single ability with 2 types of "g"
-
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence - Fluid
- education and experience, process things quickly
- Crystallized
- increase over life span
- Intelligence Controversy
-
Mental Retardation
Mental Giftedness -
Mental Retardation
- IQ 70 and below
- Mental Giftedness
- IQs 135+
- Explaining Intelligence Differences....2 theories
-
in brain
genetic or environmental influences - Developmental Psychology
- study of age related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death
- Development is a....process
- ongoing, lifelong
- There are .. stages of life span development
- 8
- Prenatal
- Conception-Brith
- Infancy
- Birth-18 Months
- Early Childhood
- 18 mo- 6 yrs
- Middle childhood
- 6-12 yrs
- Adolescence
- 12-20
- Young Adulthood
- 20-45
- Middle Adulthood
- 45-60
- Later adulthood
- 60+
- Two Developmental Research Methods
- Cross-sectional and Longitudinal
- Cross-sectional Method
-
different participants of various ages are compared at one point in time to determine age-related differences
- Longitudinal Method
- measures a single individual or a group of individuals over an extended period and gives info about age related changes
- True or False: Culture is an important determinant
- TRUE, may be the most important
- True or False: culture is largely invisible to its participant
- true
- Ovum
- female egg produced by ovaries
- zygote
- the cell formed when a new organism is produced by means of sex
- Germinal Period
- first stage;ends with implantation in uterus
- Embryonic Period
- second stage; begins after uterine implantation and lasts through 8th week
- Fetal Period
- third stage; begins at 8 weeks until birth
- Placenta
-
vascular organ that unites fetus to mother's uterus
link for food
link for excretion of waste - Teratogen
-
environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal development
EX: alcohol - Three key areas of development in early childhood
-
brain development
motor development
sensory/perceptual development - brian development
- begins as a fluid filled neural tube
- motor development
- first motor abilities are limited to reflexes
- sensory/perceptual development
- sense of smell and hears are quite developed in newborns
- Puberty
- biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult sized body and sexual maturity
- most notable sign of puberty
- growth spurt
- Female Menopause
- second most important life milestone in physical development
- Male Climateric
- physical and psychological changes associated with male aging
- Primary Aging
- gradual,inevitable changes
- Secondary Aging
- due to disease, misuse or neglect
- Programmed Theory Aging
-
age is genetically controlled
-once the ovum is fertilized the program for aging and death is set and begins to run
-human cells have a built in life span
-Laboratory cultured cells cease to divid at 50 doublings (Hayflick Limit) - Hayflick Limit
- lab cultured cells cease to divide at 50 doublings
- Damaged Theory of Aging
- an accumulation of damaged cells and organs over the years ultimately causes death
- Average human being life span is
- 110-120 if health
- Jean Piaget
- Swiss developmental psychologist know for his studies of children and his subsequent theories of cognitive development
- Schemas
-
Piaget
cognitive structures or pattens -
Assimilation
-
Piaget
absorbing new info into existing schemas - Accomodation
-
Piaget
adjusting old schemas to fit new info - Piaget demonstrated that ...
- a child is fundamentally different than an adult (Distinct Stages)
- Sensorimotor Stage
- birth-2 years
- Object Permanence
- objects continue to exist even when out of sight
- Preoperational Stage
- ages 2-7
- In Preoperation Stage..thinking is
- egocentric and animalistic
- concrete Operational Stage
- ages 7-11
- In concrete operational stage, the child...
- understand reversibility and conservation
- Formal Operational Stage
- age 11 and beyond
- Formal Operational Stage is characterized by...
- abstract and hypothetical thinking
- T or F: All humans go through the four stages of cognitive development
- TRUE
- Attatchment
- strong affectional bonds with others that endures over tiem
- Infants are born with behaviors that encourage...
- strong bonds of attachment
- Most research has focused on the
- mother/child relationship
- Many researchers are divided along the lines of the
- nature vs. nurture debate
- Imprinting
- innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first large moving object seen
- Three Levels of Attachment
-
The Strange Situation Procedure
-securely attached
-avoidant
-anxious/ambivalent - The Strange situation procedure
- experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth on attachment styles
- securely attatched
-
child stays close to mother, shows mild distress when separated, happy when mother returns
(65%) - Avoidant
- child treats mother and stranger the same and rarely cries when mother leaves (25%)
- Anxious/Ambivalent
- child is upset when mother leaves. when mother returns, child seeks closeness but squirms away (10%)
- Baumrind's Three Parenting Styles
- based upon the research of Diana Baurind
- parenting syles based on degree of
- control/demandingness
- Permissive Parenting style
-
provide little discipline
- passive-neglectful
- Low C and Low W
- Permissive Indulgent
- Low C High W
- Authoritarian Style
-
HIgh C and low W
parents are rigid and punitive, being low in warmth and responsiveness - Authoritative Style
-
high in C and high in W
generally set and enforce firm limits
Highly involved, tender, emotionally supportive
children do best with this type of parents
more self-reliant, self controlled, high achieving and emotianally well adjusted
goal oritented
friendly - Morality
- The ability to take the perspective of, or empathize with, others and distinguish between right and wrong
- the evolutionary approach says that morality is...
- prewired for survival
- Morality can and does have a ... component
- biological
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- created a model of moral development based upon responses to moral dilemmas
- Kohlberg had ... levels and ... stages of moral development
-
3 stages
6 levels - Preconventional Morality
- birth-adolescence
-
Preconventional Morality
Stage 1 - punishment-obedience orientation (no awareness of other's POV)
-
Preconventional morality
Stage 2
-
instrumental-exchange orientation (become aware of other people's POV
Children haven't yet accepted society's rule making processes - Conventional Morality
- adolescence-young adulthood
-
conventional Morality
Stage 3 - good- child orientation (nice, gaining approval)
-
Conventional Morality
Stage 4 - Law- and order orientation (highest level attained by most adults and adolescents)
- Post Conventional Morality
- adults, personal standarts
-
Post-Conventional morality
Stage 5
- social-contrat orientation
-
Post Conventional Morality
Stage 6
- universal ethics (MLK, Ghandi, only 3%)
- Criticism of Kohlberg's model
-
Moral Reasoning Vs. Behavior
Cultural Differences
Possible Gender Bias - Moral Reasoning vs. Behavior
-
positive correlation between higher stages of reasoning and higher levels of moral behavior
some feel situational factors better determine moral behavior - Cultural differences
- some cultural studies support Kohlberg
- Possible Gender Bias
-
Carol Gillian criticizes Kohlberg's model because it tends to classify females at a lower level than males
ignores common female values such as concern for others - Temperment
- an individual's innate behavioral style and characteristic emotional response
- Three temperment styles
-
Easy Children (40%)
Difficult Children (10%)
Slow to Warm Up (15%) - Temperament seemed to be ... and ... throughout life
- consistent and enduring
- Erikson identified ... psychosocial stages of development
- 8
- Each stage was marked by psychosocial ..
- crisis or conflict
- Many psychologists agree with Erikson's theory regarding its contribution to
- understanding personality development
- criticism to Erikson's theory
-
very difficult to test scientifically
stage labels may not work for all cultures
works best with american and europeans - Individualistic Cultures
- needs and goals of the individual are emphasized over the needs and goals of the group
- Collectivist Culture
- needs and goals of the group are emphasized over that of the individual
- Research showed that martial satisfaction is associated with
-
greater life satisfaction
lower stress
lower depression
love maps
similarity
- Important family factors that affect development are
-
violence and abuse
teen pregnancy and parenthood - Resiliency
- the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats
- Resiliency has been studied throughout the world in
- a variety of situation
- most children who do well have the following characteristics
- good intellectual functioning
- Activity Theory of Aging
- successful aging is fostered by a full and active commitment to life
- Life satisfaction after retirements is linked to
-
good health
control over life
social support
ade - Disengagement theory
- successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawl between elderly and society
- socioemotional selectivity theory
- a natural decline in social contact occurs as older adults become more selective with their time
- Grief is a natural reaction to
- loss
- First stage of grief
- Numbness-dazed, shocked, denial
- Second stage of grief
- yearning-desire, illusions
- Third stage of grief
- disorganization/dispair-submissive, torn
- Fourth stage of grief
- resolution-put life back together and recover
- Cultures interpret and respond to ... differently
- death
- as adults we understand death in terms of 3 concepts
-
permanence
universality
nonfunctionaliy - Kubler-Ross and the stage theory of death
-
Stage 1: denial
Stage 2: anger
Stage 3: Bargaining
Stage 4: Depression
Stage 5: Acceptance - "sex"
- the BIOLOGICAL maleness or femaleness
- gender
- PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL meanings added to biological maleness or femalness
- Gender role
- societal expectations for appropriate for male and female behavior
- Two Theories of Gender Role Development
-
Social Learning Theory
Gender Schema Theory - Social Learning Theory
-
Passive
gender roles are acquired through rewards, punishments, etc - Gender Schema Theory
-
Active
gender roles are acquired through social learning and active though processes - Gender identity formation
- self-identication as being either a man or woman
- Transsexualim
- mismatched between gender identity (who you feel you are) and what you really are (your makeup)
- Transvestitism
- cross dressing for emotional or sexual gratification
- Sexual Orientation
- gay, lesbian, straight
- Androgyny
-
exhibiting both masculine and feminine traits
not a term for asesuality or transsexualism - Havelock Ellis
-
one of the first to study sex
most important person! - Alfred Kinsey
- interivewed 18,000 ppl about sex life
- Masters and Johnson
- experimentally documented masturbation and sexual intercourse
- Evolutionary Perspective of Gender and Cultural Diversity
- emphasizes the adaptive value of behaviors, and suggests that sexual differences evolved from ancient mating patterns that helped species survive.
- Sexual Strategies Theory
-
males are more interested in sex and multiple partners, sexually jealous and controlling
women seek a protector - Social Role Approach to Gender and cultural diversity
- this perspective suggests that gender differences in sexual behavior result from the roles that men and woman internalize from society
- Evolutionary or Social Role? What is the conflict
-
the conflict between evolutionary and social role perspectives may be resolved by examining the patriarchal systems that limit women's choices.
Females adapted to being controlled - Sternbery and Lubart
-
"Investment Theory"
creativity
"buy low/sell high" - Syntax
- grammar rules that specify order
- Semantics
- using words to create meaning
- Noam Chomsky
-
LAD
language ability in kids - Gardner
-
animal language studies
ASL - Spearman
-
said intelligence is a single factor
called "general intelligence" - Thurstone
- said intelligence is multiple factors
- Fluid intelligence
-
aspects of innate intelligence like reasoning, memory, info processing
tends to decline with age - Savant Syndrome
- mentally retarded but gifted in something like music
- Nature vs. Nurture theory
- a question of whether it is in our biology (in our nature) or influenced by the enviroment
- Continuity vs Stages theory
- development is continuous vs. development happens in stagesf
- Stabiliity vs. Change
- is your temperament/personality stable and lifelong, or does it change as your grow up?
- Maturation
- development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals
- Assimilation
- process of absorbing new info into exisiting schemas
- Kohlberg studied...
- Morality
-
Levels of Morality
according to Kohlberg -
Preconventional Morality
Concentional Morality
Post-Conventional Morality - Preconventional Morality is based on
- rewards and punishment
- conventional morality is based on
- compliance with rules and values of society