HD 201 Exam 1
Terms
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- What is Development?
- process of change over a period (conception thru age 6)
- What is Norms?
- -ages and stages, typical behavior, context, principles that tell us about development
- What is Biological Development?
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-physical maturation
-motor skills - What is Cognitive Development?
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-thought processes
-language
-learning - What is Socio/emotional development?
- -social and personal experiences
- Can divide child into what 3 Developmental Stages?
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-Biological Development
-Cognitive Development
-Socio/emotional Development - What are the 3 Periods of Development?
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-Prenatal= conception to birth
-Infancy= birth to 24 months
-Early Childhood= 2 to 6 (NAEYC argues 8yrs.) - What are 3 Developmental Issues/Controversies?
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-Nature vs. Nurture= is development inborn of do you learn it over time
-Continuity vs. Discontinuity= development happens continually or in steps/stages
-Early or late development is more important - What is a theory?
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-a framework that tells you what to look at
-a way of focusing
examples: a window, a pair of glasses - What are the theories of Child Development?
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-Psychoanalytic
-Cognitive
-Behavioral
-Ethological
-Ecological - What is Psychoanalytic theory?
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-Who= Freud and Erikson
-Focus= Emotional and Personality Development
-Personality is the tool for meeting needs in socially acceptable way - What are the Freudian Stages?
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-Oral
-Anal
-Phallic
-Latency
-Genital - What are the Basic Beliefs of the Psychoanalytic Theory?
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-behavior is surface characteristic
-stages- energy is "deposited" in a different erogenous zone in each
-task- satisfy that zone's need(in socially acceptable way) - What is the Id?
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-all about self
-want what you want when you want it! - What is the Ego?
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-realize how things are (reality)
-can't always have what you want
-balance of other two - What is Superego?
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-right and wrong
-learn rules
-observe parents - Why the fuss of research?
- -scientific method insures increased validity of conclusions about children
- What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
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- Conceptualize the problem
- Form hypothesis/predict, use theory
- Collect info./data
-Draw conclusions/analyze data
-Revise conclusions and theory - What are the Research Designs?
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-Correlational Design
-Experimental Design
-Quasi-experimental Design
-Cross-sectional Design
-Longitudinal-sequential Design
-Microgenetic Design - What is the Correlational design?
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-researcher gathers information without altering participants' experiences
-Limitations= cannot infer cause and effect - What is the Correlational coefficient(r)?
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- number that ranges from 1.00 to -1.00
-the larger the number, regardless of the sign, the stronger the correlation
-describes the strength and direction
-r of 0 indicates no relationship - What is negative correlation?
- -as one variable gets higher, the other gets lower
- What is Experimental design?
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- a true experiment must meet 2 conditions:
-random assignment of participants
-manipulated independent variable
(permits us to infer cause and effect)
-Experimental Group
-Control Group - What is an Experimental Group?
- -subjects who receive the treatment
- What is the Control Group?
- - receive no treatment or neutral treatment
- What is the Quasi-experimental design?
- -experimental design but random assignment not possible
- What are some factors that limit random assignment when studying children?
- -ethical
- What is Cross-Sectional Design?
- -participants of different ages are studied at the same time
- What is Longitudinal-Sequential Design?
- -both longitudinal and cross-sectional components
- What is Microgenetic Design?
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-change is tracked from the time it begins until it stabilizes, as participants master a new task
-modification of longitudinal approach
-useful for studying cognitive development - What is Longitudinal Research?
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-participants are studied repeatedly at different ages
-Issues: Cohort effects-children born in one period of time are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions - What refers to ethics?
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-Organizations (SRCD) and special groups (Human Subjects Committee) monitor research on humans, especially children
-Research Rights= protect from harm, informed consent (verbal & written) from parents, institutions, children over 7
-Privacy= anonymous, confidential
-Knowledge of results
-Beneficial treatments - What do we look for when evaluating research?
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-clarity
-importance of findings
-promotion of new ideas
-consistency
-replicability
-choice of subjects
-appropriateness of methods - What must a cell do before it divides in two?
- -make an exact copy of its DNA
- How many chromosomes does a normal human cell contain?
- -46, arranged in 23 pairs
- What is formed during Meiosis?
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-the sex cells
-takes years to fulfill - When does ovulation occur?
- -in the middle of 28 day menstrual cycle
- What is the largest cell in the human body?
- -the egg (female)
- How do sperm divide?
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-first they divides twice by Mitosis
-then twice by Meiosis - What does the term "Ferning" mean?
- -the most fertile time of a woman's cycle
- How soon must egg be fertilized once it reached the fallopian tube?
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-within 24 hours
-time is critical! - What does precise moment of conception refer to?
- -the exact moment when 23 duplicate DNA chromosomes of each parent meet
- What is a fertilized egg at 7 weeks called?
- -pre-embryo
- 28 days after fertilization....
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-the fertilized egg is the size of a small pea
-contains a small heart - By 8 weeks the embryo has become....
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-a fetus
-everything is in place
-2 inches long - When do spontaneous movements of muscles occur?
- -9 weeks
- When is it first possible to determine the sex of a fetus?
- -at 12 weeks
- When are the genitalia very developed?
- -18 weeks
- When can a fetus begin hearing sounds?
- -24 weeks
- What is the most important sound?
- - mother's voice
- What is the Psychoanalytic Theory according to the book?
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-describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.
-behavior is merely a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior - What is Erikson's psychosocial theory?
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-includes eight stages of human development
-each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced - What are Cognitive Theories?
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-they emphasize their conscious thoughts
-Piaget
-Vygotsky
-information-processing - What is Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?
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-states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through fours stages of cognitive development
-we adapt in two ways:
-assimilation=incorporate new info into existing knowledge
-accommodation=adjust their knowledge to fir new info and experiences - What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory?
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- emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
-knowledge is not general from within, but rather constructed through interact9on with other people and objects is culture - What is the information-processing theory?
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-emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it
-processes of memory and thinking are central
-does not describe development as stagelike - What is Behavioral Theories?
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-study only what can be directly observed and measure
-development is observable behavior that can be learned through experience with the environment
-Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura - What is Pavlov's Classical Conditioning?
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-after a neutral stimulus has been paired with a stimulus that automatically produces a response, that response will be elicited by the previously neutral stimulus on its own
-explains how we develop many involuntary responses
-Watson, Albert, and white rat - What is Skinner's Operant Conditioning?
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-the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence
-rewards and punishments shape individuals' development - What is Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory? (under behavioral)
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-emphasize that behavior, environment, and person/cognition are the key factors in development
-focused on observational learning=people cognitively represent the behavior of others and then sometimes adopt this behavior themselves
-Model with arrows show how behavior, person/cognitive, and environment are related reciprocally - What is the Ethological theory?
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-stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
-Lorenz and greylag geese
-Bowlby and attachment with caregiver - What is the Ecological theory?
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-Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems
-microsystem(individual lives)
-mesosystem (connections among micro)
-exosystem (experiences in another setting)
-macrosystem (culture)
-chronosystem (patterning events and transitions over life course; time)