Clinical Final
Terms
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- effective counselors should have
-
accepting, positive view of others and should be well adjusted with good self-esteem that are committed to their own growth and dvlpmt
- Counselors should seek personal counseling as to
- enhance their openness to new experiences and become more self aware
- According to Rogers, counselors should show
- empathy, congruence, upr
- According to Carkhuff, counselors should show
- respect and immediacy
- major counselor characteristics
-
self awareness (know personal vulnerabilities)
interpersonal awareness (ability to understand client struggles and pain)
objectivity
personal integrity
open-minded (open but alert to preconceptions)
flexible (not bound by theoretical viewpt)
trustworthy
- ACA addresses the issue of awareness of diverse cultures by
- code of ethics: counselors must be culturally competent
- burnout
- not coping with stress -> anxious, worn out, feel ineffective
- manifesting negative attitudes about self and work and do not deal with symptoms ->
- impairment - unaware of or unable to cope with or resolve emotional stress, and thus the inability to relate to clients effectively and may cause harm to clients
- if a counselor experiences impairment, they are required by the apa code of ethics to
- recover/seek assistance before resuming client work
- To avoid burnout
-
1 confront/attempt to improve working conditions
2 evaluate whether personal relations are inhibiting counseling
3 learn limits, set limits with others
4 engage in professional community
5 attend prof workshops
6 P in prof growth activities
7 seek prof growth activities
8 broaden interests beyond work - what are the similarities/differences between listening and attending skills
-
sim: both aim at establishing rx
diff
listening skills - gain info and encourage clients to talk about themselves; help client perceive themselves and their problems (open and closed Qs and encouraging)
attending skills - understand/clarify client feelings and to convey counselor understanding of feelings to client (paraphrasing, reflection of feelings, and summarization) - in listening and attending skills, it is important to know
- what is appropriate in the client culture, as this will dictate body language, direct eye contact, etc
- what are examples of influencing skills
-
confrontation
focusing skills
self-disclosure - influencing skills
- allow counselors to help clients more deeply explore their problems and take actions that will lead to change
-
confrontation
facilitative skill - facilitative tool used to increase client insight and motivation io to change self-defeating bxs
- focusing skills
- direct discussion to areas counselor believe will improve client perspective about selves, problems, influence on others
-
self disclosure
facilitative skill - refer briefly to personal beliefs or expce
- purpose of assessment skills
-
1 determine presenting problem
2 make accurate do
3 gather info to aid in dvlpmt of tx planning
4 baseline data to monitor progress
5 determine client suitability for tx program/modality - research: hospital patients reported improvement whne the therapist showed high levels of
- warmth, genuineness, and empathy
- what are the eight qualities for effective counseling
- psychological health, genuine interest in others, empathic ability, personal warmth, personal power, self-awareness, tolerance of ambiguity, and an awareness of values
- Because counselors are models of bx, they become part of the problem and not the solution for a client if they do not
- demonstrate psy health
- what did bandura call the ability to feel in control of your own life
- perceived self efficacy
- What did Rogers call the quality of genuine interest
- congruence
- clients are burdened with the lack of honesty in the world outside of counseling. how does this relate to client attitude in therapy
- clients do not want to relate to another real person who is playing the role of counselor
- empathy can be described as thinking
- with, not for, the client
- Carl Rogers on empathy
- to sense the private world of the client as if it were your own, but without ever losing the as-if quality
- the warm counselor is ____. the humid counselor is ____.
-
caring and freeing
needy and possessive - what is the purpose of nonpossessive warmth
- to preserve the client self-respect and to provide a trusting and safe atmosphere. this stims the client trust and helps them recognize that they can be liked in spite of unattractive cxs
- warmth is important because
- it begets warmth, which melts human defenses
- what are three critical areas that a counselor should self study
-
security
trust
courage - counselors should have the courage to
- confront themselves- to examine their true motives, feelings, and limits
-
effective counselors and ambiguity
how does this affect the counselor client rx? - tolerate ambiguity -> consistently practice patience with their clients, gently working to move the process along
- some professionals feel that, given the inevitable communication of counselor values through body language, a counselor should
- be open and explicit in their value orientation during counseling
- in lecture, we discussed 12 important personal qualities of effective counselors..
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objectivity
openmindedness
flexible
tolerance of ambiguity
trustworthy
personal integrity
respect
empathy
genuine
personal warmth
awareness of self, interpersonal dynamics, multicultural issues, values
avoid burnout - The quality of flexibility in effective counseling can
- help a counselor be more multiculturally competent, as it acknowledges that there is more than one way to do things
- In the effective counseling quality of trustworthiness, it is imp that counselors remain
- trustworthy through confidentiality and trustworthy in daily actions
- In the effective counseling quality of personal integrity, it is imp that counselors remain
- aware of the power they have over the client; in the high vulnerability of the client, it is important that the counselor attempt to push strengths back to the client
- In the effective counseling quality of awareness of self, it is imp that counselors remain
- aware of abilities, facial expression, that they are not conveying negative emotions, stress level, and biases
- In the effective counseling quality of awareness of multicultural issues, it is imp that counselors have
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awareness - know biases but do not act on them
knowledge - learn about cultures
skills - skills to work with many different groups
if you do not know, ASK - Professional qualities of a counselors
-
-know about theories and strategies
-ethical judgment
-interviewing skills
-assessment skills (scientist practitioners) - pitfalls of new counselors
-
-premature problem solving
-knowing where to set limits
-fear of silence
-interrogating (just because you want to get to the root of the problem does not mean that the client is ready
-moralizing (we do not use should in therapy)
-reluctance to refer
-impatience - according to research, how do clients feel about issues of gender, race, and counselor personal wellness
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clients do not tend to perceive differences in gender and race when they exist
clients most concern with counselor personal wellness - ethnic match is not a significant predictor of
- decrease drop out rates or increased rate of attendance
- Asian Americans and ethnic match
- match was important, especially if spec ethnicity and linguistics matched (treatment efficacy and attendance both showed importance)
- For Mexican Americans, ethnic match mattered
- In efficacy and attendance but not as much as it did in Asian Americans
- In African Americans and Caucasian Americans
- Attendance increased with ethnic match but efficacy did not change
- Premature termination with ethnic non-match occurred more for
- Caucasian Americans than for African Americans
- If the counselor experiences racism/ageism/sexism in therapy, you can
- use that as part material for therapy, ie, you commented on that group, but you know that I am part of that group. What was your intention in doing that?
- Levels of empathy
-
1 communicates no awareness of even most obvious, expressed surface feelings of client
2 communicates some awareness of obvious, surface feelings of client, but the lvl of meaning is distorted
3 responds with accurate understanding of the surface feelings of the clients, but misses or misinterps feelings
4 communicates an understanding of the expressions of clients at a deeper level than expresses, enabling them to expce and express those feelings at a deeper lvl
5 the counselor is tuned in to clients and responds with accuracy to all their deeper as well as surface feelings - In culture, race, and ethnicity it is important that counselors
- recognize and appreciate existing differences
- all counseling is multicultural because
- multicultural counseling includes both items of ADDRESSING and values/beliefs; since we do not all share belief systems, all counseling is
- Multicultural counseling competencies include
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-understand world views of culturally diverse clients
-become knowledgeable about client cultural bkgd, way of life, everyday living expces
-use intervention strategies and techniques that are appropriate to the client cultural values and customs - culture affects
- how symptoms are explained, coping with symptoms, support of families and community, whether and when they seek help, how well indiv does in tx
- gender
- socially constructed masculine/feminine roles that men and women play that may or may not be related to biological sex
- Little attention was paid to counseling ethnic minorities before
- the 1970s
- In counseling ethnic minorities,
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empathy and trust are key, however this should not be mistaken for knowing what it is like to be in that position
personal racial/cultural identity dvlpmt on behalf of counselor is very imp - In counseling ethnic minorities, it is important to remember that, for client
- racial/cultural identity is a personal choice/process is a choice completely
- Characteristics of the field of psy in counseling multicultural counseling
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-assessment and do weaknesses
-bias in theories
-minorities underrepresented in numbers of psychologists and therapists, which is a problem because ppl tend to study what is important to them - Training issues with regards to multicultural counselings
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cultural differences do not equal deviancy, pathology, or inferiority
biculturalism is acknowledged and desirable; increased knowledge is extremely imp
awareness of racism/sexism/heterosexism as something that exists outside the indiviudal - Multicultural Competencies
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1 Therapist Awareness of own assumptions, values, and biases
2 gaining knowledge about the worldview of culturally diverse clients (understand, not adopt, it)
3 Dvlp apropriate skills in multicultural practice (tailor goals and modalities to individuals)
- Tripartite dvlpment of personal identity
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All indivs are, in many respects
Like no others indivs
Like some indivs
Like all other indivs - Overt Covert and Microaggressions
-
Overt - not gone
Covert - so called new form; harder to define
Microaggressions - intentional or not, still hurts -
As counselors, we must
multicultural -
-be aware of our own biases (incl biases of own culture)
-strive to learn about others experiences
-strive toward MCC
- lgb makes up
- ten percent of pop
- What must counselors be aware of in regards to LGB rxs and families?
-
-be knowledgeable about importance of rxs
-understand the effect of homosexuality on the family of origin (difference in sexual orientation could make you feel as if you are in a different culture of origin from your family - What are special issues in working with transgender clients?
-
-expce discrimination from lgb and non-lgb groups
-isolation and social alienation can lead to depression, suicide
-some transgender or intersex indivs prefer ze or zer/zim instead of her/him - race
- social construction
- d
- d
-
race
real notecard - social construction, not bio, not real and yet everywhere and very powerful
- ethnicity
- includes land, history, and tradition
- culture
- learned, dynamic, includes language and worldview
- biculturalism
- refers to inhering two different cultural traditions - different from being biracial
- multicultural counseling
- any counseling rx in which 2 or more participants differ with respect to cultural background, values, and lifestyle
- microaggression
- brief and commonplace daily verbal or bxl indignities that communicate negative racial slights and insuls
- microassault
-
blantant attack
ie hiring only men for managerial positions - microinsult
-
unintentional, conveys rudeness and insensitivity
ie colin powell speaks so well! - microinvalidation
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verbal comments that dismiss or negative expces
ie you are being overly insensitive
note: hallmark of counseling is to validate feelings - guidelines for cultural proficient psychological research
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awareness - commitment to increase awareness of cultural implications of conducting research with persons from underrepresented populations
knowledge - strive to make lifelong commitment to increasing own knowledge regarding a broad range of issues related to multicultural research
skills - strive to make an ongoing commitment to use own awareness and knowledge to effectively and ethically conduct psy research among persons from diverse ethnic, linguistic, and racial bkgds - guidelines in attitudes toward homosexuality and bisexuality
-
1 understand that lgb are not indicative of mental illness
2 encourage to recognize how own attitudes abt lgb issues may be relevant to ax and tx and seek consultation/make appro referrals when indicated
3 understand ways stigma poses risks to mh and well being of lgb clients
4 understand how inaccurate or prejudicial views of lgb may affect the client presentation in tx and the therapeutic process - guidelines for relationships and families when working will lgb clients
-
5 psy strive to be knowledgeable abt and respect the importance of lgb rxs
6 understand the partic circumstances and challenges facing lgb parents
7 recognize that families lgb people may incl non relatives
8 understand how lgb may have impoact on family of origin and rx to that family of origin - issues of diversity when working with lgb clients
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9 recognize the partic lifestyle issues or challenges expced by lgb members of racial and ethnic minorities that are related to multiple and often conflictings norms, values, beliefs, and values
10 recognize the partic challenges expcd by bisexual indivs
11 strive to understand the special problems and risks that exists for lgb youth
12 consider generational differences with lgb populations, esp for older adults
13 encouraged to recognize partic challenges expced by lgb indivs with phys, sensory, or cog disabilities - education issues in counseling lgb clients
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14 support to provision of professional edu and training on lgb issues
15 encouraged to increase their knowledge and understanding of lgb through ocontinuing edu, training, supervision, and consultation
16 reasonable efforts to familiarize themselves with relevant mental health, edu, and community resources for lgb - what is the oldest type of counseling
- career counseling
- early vocational counseling emphasized
- measuring indiv differences; assumptions: inherent indiv traits, interests, and abilities can be assessed through standardized tests and matched with certain types of occupations
- vocational counseling in the 50s
- believed that vocational counseling should be integrated with personal and interpersonal counseling
- vocational counseling in the 1970s
- college counselors began focusing on client personal growth issues and tended to ignore their vocational concerns
- 1993 super vocational counseling
-
career v personal counseling
situational v inner self exploration
exists on continuum, and approaches (situational and inner) differ based on career v personal - 21st century career counseling scene
- career dvlpmt practicioners seek to empower ppl as they make meaning of their life expces and translate that info appropriate occupational choices
- super: vocational adjustment and vocational maturity
-
vocational adjustment - implementation of indiv self concept
vocational maturity - through choices that are considered mature at each life stage, adults find and establish themselves in appropriate vocations - Ginzberg career development
-
1 fantasy - early childhood unrealistic ideas
2 tentative period - what child likes and can do well
3 realistic period - indivs explore and make specific life choices
-vocational choice = lifelong and always open to change - trait and factor approach to career counseling
- traits should be identified and then matched with factors inherent in various occupations
- the postmodern approach to career counseling emphasizes
- use of understanding the plurality of perspectivies, contextual impact, social constructions of reality and the meaning indivs give to their experiences/to their careers
- constructivist approach to career counseling
- counselors help indivs id and eval the constructions and meaning in their career decisions they can assist clients in reconstructing those meanings = change outcome
- contexual approaches to career counseling id ways in which
- contextual factors can be incorporated into counseling; assump - change in context lead to stim life changes -> individual life and career are intertwined
- career counseling process
-
1 dvlp rapport, asses client needs and est goals
2 counselor works to promote client self understanding (interviews, interest inventories, aptitude; work through obstacles that hinder career making choices)
3 dvlp appro career choice options
- types of problems presented in career counseling
- exploration of careers, conflicts about careers, life transitions
- Special tools in career counseling
- inventories and tests: (vocational interest inventories), personality inventories, ability tests, occupational info, computer assisted career guidance systems
- when are personality inventories used in career counseling
- if personal conflicts believed to be interfering with client career resolution
- forensic psychology
- involves the application of mental health knowledge and expertise to the ax and tx of indivs who, in some way, are invd in the legal process or legal system
- clinical psychologists working in the forensic area may be invd in addressing a wide range of legal issues, including whether
-
-an indiv is sufficiently mentally ill and potentially dangerous to justify involuntary hospitalization
-a person charged with a crime is mentally competent to stand trial
-a perpetrator of an illegal act was sane at the time of the offense
-a person suffered psy harm as the result of an injury or trauma and, if so, how serious it is - Before a verdict is reached, courts ust determine whether defendants are mentally competent to assist in their own defense in court. What will determine this?
- whether the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and whether he has a rational as well as a factual understand of the proceedings against him
- aside from competence to stand trial, what other competencies to clinical psychologists assess for criminal defendants
- competence to confess a crine, to waive the right to an attorney, to choose not to invoke ngri, and competence to be sentenced and punished
- expert witnesses do not
- make decision. they can only testify to symptoms, bxs, and do of defendant
- tort law
- provides mechanism for an indiv to seek redress for the harm they have suffered from the wrongful acts of another party
- when clinical psychologists conduct axs with civil plantiffs in tort cases, they perform an eval that
- includes a social history, a clinical interview, psy testing, interviews with others, and a review of available records
- claims for mental disability that falls under tort law usually arise from
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1 serious mental injury that results in psy problems (mental -> psy)
2 indiv suffers traumatic incident at work or undergos a long period of continuous stress that leads to psychological difficulties (mental -> mental)
3 work-related stress is blamed for the onset of a physical disorder, sa high blood pressure (phys -> psy) - questions of civil competency focus on
- whether an indiv has the capacity to understand info relevant to making a partic decision and then making an informed choice about what to do
- a competent indiv in a civil case is expected to be able to
-
-understand basic info relevant to making a decision
-apply that info to a specific situation io to anticipate the consequences of various choices that ight be made
-use of logical, rational thinking to eval the pros and cons of various strategies and decisions
-communicate a personal decision or choice about the matter under consideration - psychological autopsies
- postmortem psychological evals
- general proponent of termination of parent rights is
- proof that future contact between the parent and child is detrimental to the child welfare
- in child custody cases, psychologists are
- asked to conduct a child custody eval and to offer recommendations to help a court settle disputes over which parent can best meet the child needs and which should retain custody
- most child custody evals include
- clinical and social histories, standardized testing of the parents and the children, observation of parent child interaxns, interviews with indivs who have had opportunities to observe family members, and a review of docs that might be relevant to the case
- legal definition and requirements of an expert witness
-
someone with scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge who may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if certain reqs are met
1 at discretion of judge
2 qualified with knowledge, skill, expce, training or edu to testify abt a specialized matter
3 testimony must be based on reliable and accepted principle in respective field
4 principles and methods used must be applicable to facts and data in the case - neuropsychology
- the field of study that seeks to understand how brain processes make human bx and psy functions possible
- interests of neuropsychologists
- wide range of human abilities including aspects of cog functioning, motor functioning, emotional functioning, social func, and personality traits; study how brain operations control such processes and how this control breaks down after brain dysfuncs of psy dos
- neuropsychologists must
-
-consider the entire person
-use specialized assessment methods unique to neuropsy ax
-must have knowledge of the neurosciences
-must know about a wide range of human cog abilities
-must be able to distinguish bxl and psy problems caused by brain dysfunction from those caused by psychopathy structurally in the brain
-dvlp effective rehab programs based on indepth understanding of clinical psy - neuropsy assessment is designed to
-
-establish the nature and severity of patient deficits
-determine the likelihood that the deficits stem from brain damage
-provide an edu guess as to where the damage might be located
- id the partic disease or kind of damage responsible for the partic pattern of deficits seen - in addition to conducting a neuropsy test, a clinical neuropsy will
- conduct a thorough interview and examine the patient medical records, including records of previous assessments
- core knowledge base for clinical neuropsychology
-
a general psychology
b general clinical psychology
c foundations for the study of brain-bx rxs
d foundations for the practice of clinical neuropsy - an important part of deciding competency in ngri is
- did the criminal have mens rea (intent) when committing the crime
- insanity is a
- legal distinction, not a psychological concept
- what methods might a psychologist use when assessing criminal competency
- stuctured interview, mmpi-2, psychopathy checklist, rorshach, tat, possible neuro battery
- what helps protect against malingering
- special questions (outsmarts, as with hillside strangler), tests, batteries that help to detect malingering
- what sort of evals would be used in a child custody case
- personality tests (mmpi, rorshach), rx with child (parent-child relational inventory, parent-child stress inventory), review of records (court, prev evals), interviews and observations (home visit, interviews of parents and partners, interviews of children, reference levels)
- when deciding on parental fitness, the welfare of the child must be substantially threatened to what extent
- 75 percent chance of threat, which will be based on psy assessment
- difficulty in deciding custody for other cultures
- differences in what constitutes abuse
- neuropsychology is very dependent on
- training in assessments
- what are the main questions of neuropsychology
-
is there organic (brain related) damage present
is the emotional instability best accounted for by the mental disorder or by organic functioning - in neuropsy, what might a mini-mental status exam entail
-
orientation to time, place
immediate recall
attn
delayed recall
naming of objects
repetition
3 stage command
read, copy, write - despite emph on axs, why is it still imp that neuropsys display warmth, compassion, etc
- tests are very anxiety provoking
- health psychology
- specialty that emerged in the 1970s and is devoted to studying psy influs on how ppl stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill
- health psychology and bxl medicine follows a ____ model
- biopsychosocial model
- what are three major focuses of health psychology?
- stress (affects us emotionally and physically), coping (little hassles add up), and health
- Stress and Health and how it affects the CNS
-
-fight or flight response -> narrowed ability to cope
-broaden and build hypotheses: if negative emotions narrow ability to cope, perhaps positive emotions broaden our ability to cope - stress and health and the immune system
-
-chronic stress decreases funcing
-brief stress asocd with decreased immune funcing
-could be that immunosuppression is the link btwn stress and physical illness - gender differences in coping
-
males more problem focused
females more emotion focused - health psy research on social support
-
rx btwn stress and illness is lower in those who perceive high lvls of social support
rxs could act a buffer - coping and cancer health psychology
- relaxation intervention: relaxation tx -> less stress -> less side effects in chemo
- pain management tx in health psy research
- biofeedback, relaxation, cbt, stress management
- prevention programs and health psy
-
healthy sexual bx (decrease HIV and decrease drug use)
decrease type A bx and decrease heart attacks - basis for career counseling
- unique abilities -> standardized tests -> occupation options
- career counselors in the 21st century
-
empower ppl as they translate life expces into job pursuits
encourage ppl to have a high lvl of self awareness - coping
- cognitive, emotional, and bxl efforts at modifying, tolerating, or eliminating stress
- vocational psychology
- study of psychological aspects of work-related bx and expce; basis for career counseling process
- why are cultural factors very imp in career counseling
-
-diff ses groups might have diff views about the values of diff jobs
-amnt of influ family gives in deciding the job/degree
-imp to watch for gender bias - what does RIASEC in john holland model stand for?
-
realistic
conventional
enterprising
investigative
artistic
social - when and where did school counseling begin
- 1960s, mostly vocational in high schools
- why were school counselors dvlpd
- need for someone other than school psys, who are mostly focused on testing
- admin of tests in schools - who does it
- school psychologists, not counselors
- how do school psys and couns differ in activities
- proportions of time spent counseling varies
- difference in spsy and scoun salaries
-
-sps earn sig more, dt type of work (testing) and degree (phD)
-couns usu have single school they are affiliated with, while sps tend to go from school to school
-scs conduct therapy - role of counselor at elem lvl
-
counseling - indiv and group
-guidance - in classroom presentations
-consultation - working with teachers, parents, admins, schools psys, etc, might be who notices problem first
-coordination - organize and manage school counseling program - role of counselor at middle or high school level
-
primary func is counseling, collaboration with community mental health
at high school lv: career guidance, course planning - role of counselor at college lvl
-
sim to therapy or counseling in the community, testing for adult onset of adhd/add/ld
crisis work - dvlpmtl needs for elementary school children
-
consideration of cog abilities
less control over environ - dvlpmtl needs for middle/high school age
-
searching for identity; must understand from their perspective; some things that may be unimp to you might be extremely salient to a 10-15 yo
cultural issues, may be the first time they see themselves as partic race, gender, orientation - dvlpmtl needs of college age students
-
may seem like adults but still dvlping
coming out, spiritual issues, etc., emol v financial independence - Presenting problems for elementary age kids
-
educational problems, incl learning disorders
personal problems, loneliness, rejection, anxiety, family problems
socl problems (friends, teachers, parents)
risk bx (hurting animals, setting fires) - Presenting problems for middle and high school kids
-
career/educational
personal
social problems (interpersonal conflicts, problems making/keeping friends)
risk bx: school violence, alcohol/drugs, suicidal ideation/acts - Presenting problems for college age kids
-
-career/edul concerns
-personal concerns
-interpersonal conflicts
-alcohol/drug abuse
-crises
-cultural issues - issues of diversity specific to school and college counselors
-
esl parents and or children
religious practices
international students
coming out issues - special issues in children in counseling in the schools
- child abuse and neglect, dvlpmtl disorders and social issues (such as FAS), child homelessness
- special issues issues in counseling adolescents in schools
-
violence in schools
youth gangs (serve as affiliation outlets, belonging, protection, recreation) - special issues in young adults in counseling in schools
-
brief counseling is the method used in college counseling centers
online counseling, increased attention dt increased tech savvyness in this pop - consultation in counseling in the schools
-
-may often be asked for help for parents, teachers, admins
-knowing confidentiality rules and having boundaries are important
-mandated reporting bc you may be more likely to see students with abuse problems in school than when parents voluntarily brings their students in - how has the role of school counseling grown
- grown from merely vocational counseling to addressing emotional and dvlpmtl needs of students
- Current model of school counseling emphasizes
- places comprehensive counseling programs that are central to the academic mission of the school, are accessible to all students, including knowledge and skills students need, and are delivered systematically to the students
- child maltreatment is a special issue in treating elementary school students. what are the signs of psychological abuse
- withdrawal, aggression, hypervigilance, difficulty concentrating, and poor school performance
- what types of activities and interventions do school counselors use?
-
adlerian counseling
play therapy
creative and expressive arts therapy
choice therapy
group counseling
consultation
crisis intervention
training school staff
peer facilitators
- adlerian counseling
- emphasis that all child bx=goal directed; issues underlying child misbx incl attn, power, revenge and inadequacy; focus: birth order, feelings of inferiority, family constellation, and lifestyle ax
- play therapy goals
- increase child self esteem, improve decision making ability, practice self control, and learn social skills
- choice therapy
- the environ necessary for conducting counseling and procedures that lead to change; internal control psychology - all we do is behave, all our bx is chosen and we are driven by our 5 basic needs; disconnectedness = source of human problems; warm environ, when counselor builds on rx with client to see what bxs client would like to change and how they want to make changes occur; emphasizes what client can control in present day
-
school guidance curriculum
group counseling -
structured dvlpmtl lessons designed to help students achieve desired competencies and provide students with dvlpmtly appropriate knowledge and skills
invs classroom instruction - what occurred in the 80s for college counseling?
- adoption of dvlpmtl appraoches to counseling, emphasizing interpersonal, spiritual, emotional, physical dimensions
- organization and administration of college counseling
- works with student services under, but very independent of other student services bc they offer voluntary, confidential, and nonauthoritarian rx with students
- how do college counselors spend most of their time
- personal counseling, outreach programs (incl crisis services)
- group counseling on college campuses focuses on
- bxl skills training to decrease stress and anxiety
- presenting problems of college students
-
career and educational concerns
personal concerns
interpersonal conflicts and concerns
gender issues
antisocial acts and alcohol abuse
crises - What turn did psy take during WWII
-
veteran admin -> ead to psychological opportunities in testing and NIMH
combined, these two institutions and the surrounding mindset, which attend to weaknesses, distracted from positive psychology/focus on strengths in indivs - Post-WWII establishments marked
-
-hardening of psychology
-medical model - what problem do you have
-became more focused on deficits - According to positive psychology, treatment is not about
- fixing what is broken, but nurturing what is best -> using positives to help indiv get out of negatives of the situation
- According to positive psychology, our views of reality are
-
-skewed by our expces
-skewed by our personal mindsets
-couched in our cultural context (ie, happiness is highly culturally dependent) - culture free research
- when we use psychological models, we can transcend culture so long as our scientific method is sound
- culturally embedded research
- impossible to choose a culture-free research topic bc of bias in what you think it is imp to study -> nothing can transcend culture; plus, definitions are culture dependent
- Aim of positive psychology
- begin to catalyze a change in the focus of psychology from preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building positive qualities
-
Field of positive psychology
subjective level
individual level
group level -
subjective - is about valued subjective experiences
individual - about positive individual traits
group - about civic virtues and the institutions that move indivs toward better citizenship - Pre-WWII goals of psychology
-
-curing mental illness
-making the lives of all people more productive and fulfilling
-identifying and nurturing high talent - According to reserach is positive psychology, why are positive states of mind so elusive
-
-because present-mind adapted for past world, we are misfits in our surroundings
-evolved distress mechanisms are functional
-selection tends to be competitive and involve zero-sum outcomes - what are dispositional and affiliative traits that mediate between external events and indiv interpretation
-
optimism (most imp)
religious faith
economic growth and income (asymptote)
close personal relationships (strong correlation) - people high in optimism who are ill
- more likely to provide selves with unfavorable info about their disease, thereby being better prepared to face up to realities even though their positive outcome estimates may be inflated
- main effect of positive psychology movement
- psychologists will learn how to build the qualities that help indivs and communities, not just endure and survive, but flourish