international flashcards
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- balance of payments
- the flow of money into and out of a country from trade, tourism, foreign aid, sale of services, profits etc., for a period of time
- comparative advantage
- the ability of a country to make and export a good relatively more efficiently than other countries; the basis for the liberal economic principle that countries benefit from free trade among nations
- European Union
- a union of twenty-five European states, formerly the European Economic Community; designed originally during the 1950s for economic integration, but since expanded into a closer political and economic union
- World Bank
- a global lending agency focused on financing projects in developing countries; formally known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, established as one of the key Bretton Woods institutions to deal with reconstruction and development after WWII
- Sustainable development
- an approach to economic development that tries to reconcile current economic growth and environmental protection with future needs
- Washington Consensus
- the liberal belief that only through specific liberal economic policies, especially privatization, can development result
- International Monetary Fund
- the Bretton Woods institution originally charged with helping states deal with temporary balance-of-payments problems; now plays a broader role in assisting debtor developing states by offering loans to those who institute specific policies, or structural adjustment programs
- General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade
- founded by treaty in 1947 as the Bretton Woods institution responsible for negotiating a liberal international trade regime that included the principle of nondiscrimination in trade and most-favored-nation status; reformed at the WTO
- Epistemic communities
- a transnational community of experts and technical specialists who share a set of beliefs and a way to approach problems
- Malthusian dilemma
- the situation that populatoin growth rates will increase faster than agricultural productivity; leading to food shortages
- demographic transition
- the situation in which increasing levels of economic development lead to falling death rates, forllowed by falling birth rates
- externalities
- in economics, unintended side effects that can have positive or negative consequences
- first-generation human rights
- political or civil rights of citizens that prevent governmental authority from interfering with private individuals or civil society (negative rights)
- second-generation human rights
- social and economic rights that states are obligated to provide their citizenry, including the rights to medical care, jobs, and housing
- third-generation human rights
- collective rights of groups, including the rights of ethnic or indigenous minorities and designated special groups such as women and children, and the rights to democracy and development, among others
- universal rights
- human rights believed to be basically the same at all times and in all cultures, a controversal notion
- cultural relativism
- the belief that human rights, ethics, and mortality are determined by cultures and history and therefore are not universally the same
- global governance
- structures and processes that enable actors to coordinate interdependent needs and interests in the absence of a unifying political authority