Conditioning
Vocab concerning classical and operant conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, ect.
Terms
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- Negative reinforcement example
- take aspirin for headache --> headache goes away --> use of aspirin in future more likely for headache pain
- Law of Effect
- Thorndike's principle that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to recur, while those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to recur
- Arachnophobia
- Fear of spiders
- Reconditioning
- process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction
- Ivan Pavlov
- Russian physiologist
- Cognitive map
- mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate its way from one point to another
- Spontaneous recovery
- spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction
- Insight learning
- process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs
- Coulrophobia
- Fear of clowns
- Latent learning
- learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided
- Unconditioned stimulus
- Stimulus that elicits an unlearned response
- Skinner box
- experimental apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for studying relationships between reinforcement and behavior
- Immune system
- body's system of defense against disease
- Stimulus discrimination
- tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response
- Primary reinforcers
- reinforcers that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives
- Latent learning example
- person learns song lyrics, but doesn't sing until friends begin to sing
- Punishment example
- bite red pepper --> tongue burns --> avoid red peppers
- Implicit learning
- learning without conscious awareness of what is learned
- Insight learning example
- person arrives at solution to problem after thinking from different angle
- Schedule of continuous reinforcement
- system of dispensing a reinforcement each time a response is produced
- Avoidance learning example
- person leaves work early to avoid heavy traffic
- Stimulus discrimination example
- person responds fearfully to dentist's drill, but not to dentist's mirror or brush
- Observational learning example
- child imitates older sibling
- Variable-ratio schedule example
- gambling
- Immune-system responses
- Possible to manipulate immune system with classical conditioning
- Puzzle box
- Cats escaped Thorndike's box through trial-and-error
- Neutral simulus
- stimulus that before conditioning doesn't produce a particular response
- Altophobia
- Fear of heights
- Positive reinforcement
- strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus following the response
- Variable-ratio schedule
- number of correct responses needed before reinforcement varies
- higher-order conditioning example
- person cringes when they hear dentist's name
- Fixed-interval schedule
- reinforcement given for correct response after fixed amount of time
- Drugs
- drug cravings and taste aversions may be acquired through classical conditioning
- Skinner's rats and pigeons
- Trained to perform simple acts to trigger positive reinforcement of act while in skinner box
- Escape learning
- learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus
- Variable-interval schedule
- amount of elapsed time before reinforcement varies
- Variable-interval schedule example
- pop quizes
- Extinction
- gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response
- Fixed-ratio schedule
- reinforcement given after specific number of correct responses
- B. F. Skinner
- American psychologist
- Conditioned response
- acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus
- Stimulus generalization
- tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
- Extinction example
- Girl stops calling out in class when teacher fails to acknowledge her
- Superstitious behavior
- behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and a reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs
- Shaping
- process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response
- Avoidance learning
- learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an aversive stimulus
- Observational learning
- learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
- Aviophobia
- Fear of flying
- Conditioned taste aversions
- aversions to particular tatses acquired through classical conditioning
- Positive reinforcement example
- child brushes teeth before bed --> parent praises child --> tooth-brushing increases
- Spontaneous recovery example
- fear of dentistry returns after months without a visit
- Method of successive approximations
- method used to shape behavior that involves reinforcing ever-closer approximations of the desired response
- John Watson
- English psychologist and educator
- Stimulus generalization example
- person experiences fear when visiting office of new dentist
- Little Albert
- Children played with white rat; bell sounded to frighten them; children feared furry objects because they were associated with the frightening bell; Watson
- Escape learning example
- motorist learns detours to escape traffic jams
- Omission training example
- child hits child --> bad child put in time out --> child doesn't hit anymore
- Red/Green lights
- Green light signals driving through intersection will likely be reinforced by safe passage
- Claustrophobia
- Fear of confined spaces
- Token economy program
- form of behavior modification in which tokens earned for performing desired behaviors can be exchanged for positive reinforcers
- Operant conditioning
- process of learning in which the manipulation of the consequences of a response influences the likelihood or probability of the response occurring
- Nostalgia
- May be conditioned responses elicited by stimuli that were associated with pleasant experiences in the past
- Schedules of reinforcement
- predetermined plans for timing the delivery of reinforcement
- Primary reinforcer example
- food, water, sex
- Conditioned Stimulus
- previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
- Secondary reinforcers
- learned reinforcers that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers
- Punishment
- introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of the response
- Conditioned emotional reaction
- emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning
- Fixed-interval schedule example
- animal in Skinner box has 30 seconds to make correct response
- Radical behaviorism
- philosophical position that free will is an illusion or myth and that human and animal behavior is completely determined by environmental and genetic influences
- Behavior therapy
- form of therapy that involves the systematic application of the principles of learning
- Schedule of partial reinforcement
- system of dispensing a reinforcement for only a portion of responses
- Pavlovian puppies
- Bells were rung at the same time dogs were fed until dogs were conditioned to salivate at bell; Pavlov
- Secondary reinforcer example
- money
- Phobias
- excessive fears of particular objects or situations
- Homophobia
- Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual
- Behavior modification
- systematic application of learning principles to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior
- Operant conditioning principles
- used in biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed instruction
- Giving praise
- avoid empty flattery, use hugs, make eye contact
- Cognitive learning
- learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it
- Higher-order conditioning
- process by which a new stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response as a result of its being paired with a conditioned stimlus that already elicits the conditioned response
- Discriminative stimulus
- cue that signals that reinforcement is available if the subject makes a particular response
- Reinforcer
- stimulus event that strengthens the response it follows
- Classical Conditioning
- process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit an identical or similar response to one originally eicited by another stimulus as the result of the pairing of the two stimuli
- Programmed instruction
- learning method in which complex material is broken down into a series of small steps that learners master at their own pace
- Learning
- relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience
- Fixed-ratio schedule example
- piecework schedule
- Conputer-assisted instruction
- form of programmed instruction in which a computer is used to guide a student through a series of increasingly difficult questions
- John Garcia
- fed wolves contaminated sheep carcasses until they grew to avoid sheep entirely
- Unconditioned response
- unlearned response to a stimulus