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biology final

Terms

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mutualism
a symbiosis that benefits both partners
Batesian mimicry
a palatable or harmless species mimic an unpalatable or harmful model
ecoystem ecology
questions concern energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors
in the interspecfic interaction called predation
the consumer in the predator, and the food species is the prey
physiological responses
when a cat's fur fluffs up, or when our muscles contract and we get goosebumps, the response occurs in just seconds
most biomes are named for
major physical or climatical features and for their predominant vegetation, microorganisms, fungi, and animals adapted to that particular environment
logistic growth v. exponential growth
logistic growth reaches carrying capacity (levels out)
warning coloration
animals with chemical defenses are often brightly colored, this cautions the predators
population density
the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume
bodies of water flowing in one direction
rivers and streams. near their source the water is usually cold. downstream a river or stream generally widens and slows
cryptic coloration
passive defense that makes potential prey difficult to spot against its background (camoflauge)
Rocks and Soils
the physical structure and chemical composition of rocks and soil limit the distribution of plants and of the animals that feed on the vegetation. In streams and rivers, they composition of the underlying rock can affect water chemistry, which in turn influences the resident plants and animals. It decides which creatures can burrow .
chemical cycling
the use and reuse of chemical elements such as carbon and nitrogen within the ecosystem
two factors that sustain all ecosystems
energy flow and chemical cycling
a uniform pattern of dispersion
often results from interactions among the individuals of a population. As a result of social interactions ex. birds nesting on a small island
plant defenses against herbivores
chemical toxins--> strychnine, morphine, nicotine, tannins, spines, thorns,
desert
family cactaceae, roadrunners, cactus wren,chaparral
chemical elements can be
recycled between an ecosystems living communinity and the aboitic environment
some chemical elements require...
"processing" by certain microorganisms before they are available to plants as inorganic nutrients
mark-recapture method
the researcher places traps within the boundaries of the population under study. The researcher then marks the captured animals with tags, collars, bands, or spts of dye. The marked animals are released. After a period of time, traps are set again.This second capture will yield both marked and unmarked individuals.
shot terms is often referred to as
ecological time
primary consumers
(herbivores)include insects, snails, certain vertebrates, in aquatic they are zooplankton
food chain
the food transfer from trophic level to trophic level
Chalres Darwin was an
ecologist
there are regional patterns in the distribution of terrestrial and aquatic life--these patterns mainly reflect....
regional differences in climate and other abiotic factors
a keystone predator
a species that reduces the density of the strongest competitors in a community
hydrothermal vent communities
seafloor includes this, which are powered by chemical energy from earth's interior rather than by sunlight
ecosystem
includes all abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certin area.
in lakes and large ponds, the communities of plants, algae, and animals are distributed according to..
the depth of the water and its distance from shore
life originated in the sea and evolved there about
3 billion years before plants and animals colonized land
the primary productivity of the entire biosphere is about
170 billion tons of organic material a year
organismal ecology
concerned with the evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challanges posed by their abiotic environments
Etraordinary insights can be gained from
this discriptive approach of watching nature and recording its structure and processes
quaternary consumers
hawks in terrestrial ecosystems and killer whales, highest level.
benthic zone
at the bottom of all aquatic biomes, made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments. occupied by communities of organisms, diversity of bacteria called benthos
bad about DDT
threatening the surivival of predatory birds, showed up in milk
aphotic zone
if a lake or pond is deep enough or murky enough, its has this...where light levels are too low to support photosynthesis
anatomical changes
change in body shape--can be irreversible or reversible (acclimation)
temperate zones
latitudes between the tropics and the arctic circle in the north and the antarctic circle in the south are called this.... generally they have milder temperatures
niche
the sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment is called the species...its ecological role
stability
refers to the community's ability to resist change and return to its orginal species composition after being disturbed
temperate grassland
most are "amber waves of grain". they are the breadbasket of the world and where the deer and the antelope play. large grazing animals live in herds, smalls animals have no cover, but they run fast. low annual rainfall clost to deserts.
in contrast to plants, most animals can respond to an unfavorable change in the environment by...
moving to a new location
tropical rain forests
lianas, epipytes
community
consists of all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; it is an assemblage of populations of different species
carrying capacity
the number of individuals in a population that the environment can just maintain with no net increase or decrease
the earth in split into how many components
2- the abiotic and the biotic
community ecology
focus on how interactions between species, such as predation, copetition, and symbiosis, affect community structure and organization.
producers
bottem of the food chain, supports all others, the autototrophic organisms
natural history as a .... remains fundemental to ecology
discovery science
sunlight
solar energy powers all ecosystems. In aquatic environments, the availability of it has a significant effect on the growth and distribution of algae. In terrestrial environments, light is often not the most important factor limiting plant growth. However, shading by trees creates intense competition for light at ground level
detritus
dead material left by all trophic levles. includes animal wastes, plant litter and dead organisms
phytoplankton
in aquatic ecosystems, photosynthetic protists and bacteria are the producers
energy cannot be
recylced within an ecosystem, but must flow continuously through the ecosystem, entering as light and exiting as heat
acclimation
physiological response that is longer term, though still is reversible
the tropics
the region from the tropic of cancer to the tropic of capricorn. this is where rainforests are concentrated here
interspecific interactions
interactions between species, three main- competition, predation, and symbiosis
primary productivity
the rate at which plants and other producers build biomass, or organic matter is call the ecosystem's this
saltmarsh grasses and algae are the major...
producers in estuaries
Rachel Carson
one of the first people to realize the global dangers of pesticide abuse (DDT). Wrote Silent Spring.
trophic structure
the feeding relationships among the various species making up the community
predator adaptations
acute senses that enable them to locate prey. claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, chemical sensors
herbivores
eat plants, algae, or autotrophic bacteria, they are primary consumers
dispersion pattern
the way individuals are spaced within the populations geographic range.
population-limiting factors
environmental factors that restrict population growth
abiotic resevior
each circuit, where for carbon, nitrogen, or some other chemical material required for life has this through which chemical cycles. Carbon's main abiotic resevior is the atmosposphere
three types of adaptations
physiological, anatomical, and bahavioral
tertiary consumers
higher level consumers include snakes that eat mice, and secondary consumers
ecosystem
consists of all the organisms in a given area plus the physical environment, including soil, water, and air. In other words, its a biological community plus the abiotic factors with which the community interacts
paratism
one of the organisms benefits while the other is harmed. The parasite, usually the smaller of the two, obtains nutrients by living on a host organism
the time of growing disillusionment with environmental practices of the past
1960's
logistic growth model
a description of idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors
benthic zone
sea floor, dependant on light penetration
the biotic component
includes the living factors, all the other organisms that are part of an individuals environment
photic zone
shallow water near shore and the upper stratum of water away from shore make up this...so named because light is available for photosynthesis
omnivores
including humans, eat producers as well as consumers on different levels
random pattern of dispersion
individuals in a population are spaced in a patternless, unpredictably way. Only occures in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals in a population. However, environmental conditions and social interactions make this pattern as well.
animal defenses against predators
hiding, fleeing, alarm calls, distraction
oceans cover about
75% of lands surface
problems with environment
depletion of natural resources, localized famine aggravated by land misuse and expanding population, growing list of species extinguished by endagered or loss of habitat
prevalent form of vegatation
the types and structural features of plants largely determine the kinds of animals that live in a community
intertidal zone
the area where land meets sea. alternately submerges and exposed twice daily cycle of tides
biogeochemical cycles
because chemical cycles in an ecosystem involve biotic and abiotic components
water
aquatic organisms face problems with water balance if their solute concentration does not match that of their surroundings. For terrestrial organisms the threat is dying out.
biomass
the amount, or mass, of organic material in an ecosystem
Diversity
the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community has two components--species richness and relative abundance
secondary consumers
carnivores, small mammals, small birds, frogs, spiders, humans
aqautic biomes, consisting of freshwater and marine ecosystems occupy
the largest part of the biosphere
resource partitioning
the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community
population ecology
concentrates mainly on factors that affect population density and growth.
each day the earth is bombarded with about....of solar radiation
10^19 kilocalories (kcal)
competitive exlusion principle
one species has a competitive edge in obtaining food and drove the other species to extinction in the culture by using the resources more efficiently and thus reproducing more rapidly,
Periodic Disturbances
fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions can devastate biological communities. After them the area is recolonized by organisms or repopulated by survivos, but it undergoes a succession of changes during the rebound
human population growth is based on the same two general paremeters that affect other animal and plant populations-->
birth rates and death rates
growth rate
the change in population size per time interval
coniferous forset
taiga
mullerian mimicry
two or more unpalatable species resemble each other
Manzanita
evergreen shrub that grows in wester North America, which requires the heating and chemical effect fire has to stimulate the germination of its sees.
savanna
grasslands with scattered trees, specially adapted trees, include the bizarre baobab. large grazing mammals live in heards. lion king country
food web
the feeding relationships in an ecosystem are usually woven into these
because of its curvature...
the earth receives an uneven distribution of solar energy. the equator recieves the greatest intensity of solar radiation. etc.
ecology
the study of the interactions between organisms and their environments
population ecology
focuses on the factors that influence a population's size, growing rate, density, and structure
a clumped pattern of dispersion
in which individuals are aggregatede in patches, the most common in nature. Often results from an unequel distribution of resources in the environment. Often associated with uneven food distribution, mating or other social behavior, or predator avoidance.
biomes
major types of ecosystems that cover large geographic regions are called this..
ecology is in four comprehensive levels
organismal, population, community, and ecosytem ecology
population
a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area
energy flow
the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem
how do we measure population density
sampling techniques to estimate
ecology employs that most basic of scientific processes=
posing of the hypotheses, the use of observations and experiments to test that hypothesis.
a portion of chemical cycling can....
bypass the biotic components and rely completely on geological processes
expontential growth model
the rate of expansion of population under ideal, unregulated conditions is described by this, in which the whole population multiplies by a constant factors during constant time intervals. The rate at which a population grows depends on the number of individuals already in the population
species diversity
considers both diversity factors: species richness and relative abundance
human growth
the human population has been growing almost exponentially for centuries.
evolutionary adaptation via natural selection results from
the interaction of organisms with their environments
Temperature
an important abiotic factor because it effects matabolism
habitats
specific environments in which organisms live. Each habitat has a characteristic community of organisms
species richness
the total number of different species in the community
DDT caused
increases in farm productivity, enabled the US to grow surplus food and sell it overseas
the abiotic component
consists of nonliving chemical and physical factors--such as temperature, light, water, minerals, air
Wind
some organisms-bacteria, protists, and many insects that live on nutrient poor snow covered mountain peaks, depend on nutrients blown to them by wind. Also for dispersal of seeds. Also organisms water loss by evaporation
pelagic zone
open ocean itself, supports communities dominated by motile animals such as fish, squid, marine mammals, etc. phytoplankton oceans most photosynthetic creatures
biosphere
the global ecoystem--the sum of all the planets ecosystems, or all life and where it lives
detritivores
a level left out of food chains, the decomposers, derive their energy from detritus
symbiotic relationship
interaction between two or more species that live together in direct contact
estuary
the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
energy pyramid
the cumulative loss of energy from a food chain can be represented in a diagram called this. The trophic levels are stacked in blocks, with the block representing producers forming the foundation of the pyramid. the size of each block is proportional to the biomass in each trophic level
the biosphere is...
isolated in space, self contained, closed, except that it is photosynthetic producers derive energy from sunlight and it loses heat to space

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