Ch 29, Civil Rights & Liberalism
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- Hernandez v Texas & desegregation
- Hernandez convicted of murder, went to supreme ct under 14th amdmt equal protection clause, case established Latinos as distinct class of people (previously they had been legally white)
- Rosa Parks
- Refused to give up her seat to a white man in Montgomery Alabama
- Delgado v Bastrop (segregated schools)
- '47 Texas ct ruled to end latino segregation past 1st grade (served as precedent for Brown '54) argued by Gus Garcia
- Soul Music
- expressed black pride & seperatism "you've got to live with us or you dont have it" Diana Ross & The Supremes, The Temptations, Stevie Wonder "Motown Sound"
- Voting Rights Act 1965
- suspended literacy tests, Feds could supervise public elections, (5 yr period black registration from 35% - 65%)
- Banning School Prayer
- Engel v Vitale ('62) banned school prayer under constitutional separation of church and state (worried conservative religious groups)
- Tragedy in Dallas
- JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald
- Free Speech Movement
- started at UC Berkeley when they did not let reform groups recruit on campus, 6000 students rebelled & overtook administration building, mvmt spread across the nation
- Communes
- Hippie communities that sought perfection along the fringe of society, sexual freedom, Drugs (LSD ect) opened mind, higher state of consciousness
- Malcolm X
- part of mvmt that questioned integration although personally he accepted it, emphasized black community action, militaristic
- Freedom Riders Attacked
- '61 CORE director James Farmer led group of Black & White ppl on a bus trip into heart of the South, Were assaulted & attacked, police did nothing, Attorney General Robert Kennedy attempted to stop w/ 400 fed marshals
- Bob Dylan
- Folk artist till '65 then shift to "folk-rock" featuring electric guitar
- Medicare & Medicaid
- MediCARE for elderly only ; MediCAID for poor, no age requirement
- Education Programs
- Elementary & Secondary School Act (fed money for low income education), Project Head Start (nursery school aid)
- James Meredith
- black applicant to U of Mississippi, Kennedy sent feds to assist his entrance into school, riot broke out on campus 2 killed 375 wounded
- HUD
- Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Robert Weaver head (former president of NAACP)
- Civil Rights Act 1964
- LBJ barred discrimination in public places, outlawed discrimination for employment, protection for voting rights
- Liberal Tradition
- Tame capitalism's excesses, pragmatic approach to reforming American society
- 1st Be-In
- Jan '67 Allan Ginsberg (poet, on hand for spiritual guidance), Grateful Dead & Jefferson Airplane (acid rock bands performed), Diggers (free food & drink), Hell's Angels (police, maintained order)
- Discovering Poverty
- Attn to poverty despite nations affluence LBJ War on Poverty
- "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
- MLK arrested, wrote an "eloquent document of civil rights mvmt" defended Civil Disobedience
- Immigration Reform
- Immigration Act of 1965, abolished National Origins system, no more Eurocentrism, Asians allowed freer entry to US
- Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
- Leader of Montgomery Bus Boycott, Non Violent Direct action inspired by Ghandi, Leader of Nonviolent Civil Rights Movement
- Environmental Reform
- '64 National Wilderness Preservation System Act, 9.1 mil acres "forever wild"
- Mechanized Cotton Farming
- Less work for Southern Farmer (both races) left countryside for the city
- Thurgood Marshall
- NAACP's leading attorney, argued Brown case, Future 1st black Supreme Court Justice
- Black Panthers
- Called Black Community to arm, used violence and pressed for segregation, even at its height never more than 2000 members nationwide
- Overturning Plessy
- Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Marshall attacked the Plessy doctrine itself, separate never equal, 9-0 decision against segregation
- Protecting Due Process
- Gideon v Wainwright ('63 right to legal counsel), Escobedo v Illinois ('64 informed of charges) & Miranda v Arizona ('66 informed of rights upon arrest, Miranda Rights),