This site is 100% ad supported. Please add an exception to adblock for this site.

Biology Intensive

Study Guide for Biology Intensive Midterm Friday, December 14, 2007 and Biology Intensive Final Tuesday, May 27, 2008
Waynflete School Portland, ME
http://www.m-w.com/dictionary
http://cellsalive.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/soph/genetics/notes/sexlinked.htm
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/intro/section2.rhtml
http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-dictionary/

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
Carbs Energy Storage (animals)
starch/glycogen
Synapsis
the association of homologous chromosomes that is characteristic of the first meiotic prophase
Osmosis
diffusion of water
Mortality
death rate
Passive Transport
diffusion
Centromeres
the point or region on a chromosome to which the spindle attaches during mitosis and meiosis
# of Bonds for Carbon (C)
4
Title of an experiment
The Effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable
Meiosis: Telophase II
Next, during telophase II, cleavage furrow form, beginning cytokinesis (cell division).
True (Pure) Breeding
when two organisms with a particular heritable phenotype produce only offspring with that (same) phenotype
Phenotype
the observable properties of an organism that are produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment
Macromolecule: Nucleic Acids
FUNCTION: contain information to make enzymes ELEMENTS: C,H,O,N,P
neutrons [n*]
atomic mass - atomic number (in nucleus)
Loci (plural), Locus (singular)
the position in a chromosome of a particular gene or allele
Vestigial Structures
vestigiality describes homologous characters of organisms which have lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution
Diffusion
passive transport - movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
Characteristics of Life
moves by itself, needs water/nutrients to live, grows, needs specific environment to survive, interaction between organism and environment, produces energy, responds to stimuli, reproduces, homeostasis, organization (cells)
Karyotypes
the chromosomal characteristics of a cell or the chromosomes themselves or a representation of them
Habitat
the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows
Homozygous
having the two genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes identical for one or more loci
Ribose Nucleic Acid(s)
5) Uracil
Chromosomes
any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that are located in the nucleus of eukaryotes, are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes (as bacteria), and contain all or most of the genes of the organism
Niche
the ecological role of an organism in a community especially in regard to food consumption, no two species can have the same niche because of competition
Dispersal
process of re-distributing, limiting factors, how they got there
Chromatin
replicated DNA and its associated proteins
Animal Cells
1) lacks cell wall 2) lacks chloroplasts 3) lacks large central vacuole
Experimental Group
Group testing something in an experiment besides the controls
Volume
the volume of any solid, liquid, or gas is how much three-dimensional space it occupies, and it's often quantified numerically
Herbivore
vegetarian, primary consumer, an individual that only eat/consumes producers
Golgi Apparatus
lipid membrane-bound, packages and modifies proteins
Incomplete Dominance
heterozygote shows a blend of dominant/recessive phenotype
% of Population Change
population(new) - population(original) / population(original) x 100
Community
an interacting population of various kinds of individuals (as species) in a common location
Meiosis: Telophase I
Lastly, in telophase I, cleavage furrow form, beginning the process of cytokinesis (cell division), and the resulting daughter cells are haploid (1N).
Molecules
the smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms
Concentration
amount of x / unit area of volume
Natural Variation
every individual in a population is unique; while all life is related, each individual has its own unique genetic code (recombination)
Hypertonic Solution
higher concentration of something other than water (solute)
Natural Selection
1) members of a population have heritable variations 2) in a population, more individuals are produced each generation than can survive or reproduce 3) some individuals have adaptive characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce better than other individuals 4) an increasing proportion of individuals in succeeding generations have the adaptive characteristics, due to genetic inheritance of traits 5) the result of natural selection is a population adapted to its local environment
Mitosis: Telophase
In telophase, the detached spindle fibers disappear, and, after separating, the sister chromatids line up at opposite ends of the cell.
Producers
an autotrophic organism (as a green plant) viewed as a source of biomass that can be consumed by other organisms
Ionic Compound
non metal + metal
Enzymes
Protein, Polypeptide 1) speeds up chemical reactions 2) doesn't get used up in chemical reactions 3) very specific to substrates
Meiosis: Metaphase I
Next, in metaphase I, spindle fibers attach to each dyad at the kinetochore; tension from spindle fibers aligns the tetrads at the cell's equator.
Recessive
producing little or no phenotypic effect when occurring in heterozygous condition with a contrasting allele and expressed only when the determining gene is in the homozygous condition
Meiosis: Metaphase II
Next, during metaphase II, the tension from the spindle fibers aligns the chromosomes at the metaphase plate.
Chromatid
two chromosomes (i.e. two identical chromosomes are called sister chromatids)
Dihybrid Crosses
a cross expressing two genes
Monomer
a chemical compound
Heterozygous
having the two alleles at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes different for one or more loci
Centrioles
microtubules - animal cell reproduction
Metallic Bond
metal + metal
Volvox
Motile Microorganism - multi-cellular colony with concentrated colonies (daughter colonies), sphere, unicellular algae (photosynthesis)
Decomposers
any of various organisms (as many bacteria and fungi) that return constituents of organic substances to ecological cycles by feeding on and breaking down dead protoplasm
Discrete Data
unrelated data (brands, etc.), bar or column graph
Cell Cycle
Interphase usually lasts 12 to 24 hours in mammalian tissue; during this time period, the cell synthesizes RNA (uracil), produces protein, and grows in size. It is divided into 4 steps: Gap 0 (G0), Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S phase), and Gap 2 (G2). G0 is when a cell leaves the cycle and stops dividing, this is a temporary resting period. In G1, a cell cycle control mechanism is activated (which ensures preparation for DNA synthesis), cells increase in size, cells produce RNA, and cells synthesize protein. During S phase, DNA replication occurs to produce two similar daughter cells. G2 is when cells continue growth and the production of new proteins. In Mitosis (M phase), the cell divides to two similar daughter cells.
Carrying Capacity
the maximum population that an area can support
pH
measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 1 - 14
Control
standard against which your experiment is gaged
Punnett Squares
an n × n square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross
Atoms
basic building blocks of all matter
H2O2 + Enzyme
H2O2 = poison - catalase (lock and key model) speeds up the natural breaking down of H2O2 into H2O and O2
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 - CO2 + H20 + ATP (opposite of photosynthesis)
Food Chain
an arrangement of the organisms of an ecological community according to the order of predation in which each uses the next usually lower member as a food source
Meiosis: Prophase I
During prophase I, dyad pairs align to create "tetrads," non-sister chromatids connect and trade sections at a "chiasma," a process called crossing over.
Cell Membrane
(lipids) protection and filter
Concentration Gradient
difference in concentration
Tetrad
a group or arrangement of four — as a: a group of four cells produced by the successive divisions of a mother cell b: a group of four synapsed chromatids that become visibly evident in the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase
Meiosis: Meiosis II
Lastly, gamete (1N) nuclear envelopes form and chromosomes disperse as chromatin. Meiosis has produced four daughter cells, each with (1N) chromosomes and (1N) DNA, later male and female (1N) gametes, sex cells, will join to create a 2N zygote (somatic cell).
Covalent Bond
non metal + non metal
Autosomes
a chromosome other than a sex chromosome
Organic Molecule
macromolecule (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) - contains carbons and relates to living organisms
Sex-Linked Traits
If a gene is found only on the X chromosome and not the Y chromosome, it is said to be a sex-linked trait. Because the gene controlling the trait is located on the sex chromosome, sex linkage is linked to the gender of the individual. Usually such genes are found on the X chromosome. The Y chromosome is thus missing such genes (See Diagram above.). The result is that females will have two copies of the sex-linked gene while males will only have one copy of this gene. If the gene is recessive, then males only need one such recessive gene to have a sex-linked trait rather than the customary two recessive genes for traits that are not sex-linked. This is why males exhibit some traits more frequently than females.
Cell Size
Cells are so small because they are constantly interacting with their environment and surrounding atmosphere, and each cell is so specialized that they need to each be in their own specific environment.
Microorganisms
an organism (as a bacterium or protozoan) of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size
Independent Assortment
gametes (sex cells) form
Ribosomes
assemble proteins from amino acids
Gamete
sex cell
Element
type of atom, pure substance
Scavenger
an organism that feeds on the dead bodies of other organisms
Cytoskeleton
only in animal cells - microtubules (protein tubes) give cell its shape
Predator-Prey
PREDATOR: an individual that preys on another organism PREY: the victim of a predator
Meiosis: Anaphase II
In anaphase II, chromatids separate and start moving towards the poles.
Subatomic Particle
is an elementary or composite particle smaller than an atom
Omnivore
an individual that feeds on both producer and consumers; vegetable and animal substances
Unicellular Protists (organisms)
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Mitochondria
converts glucose to ATP (cellular respiration)
Size of Field of View
field of view is determined by the focal length of the lens and by the size of the image
Monohybrid Crosses
a cross expressing only one gene
basic pH
7.1 - 14
Protein Amino Acids
Glycine and Methionine
Fossil Evidence
study of fossils across geological time, how they were formed, and the evolutionary relationships between taxa (phylogeny) are some of the most important functions of the science of paleontology
Distribution
snapshot of where organisms are, where they are
Meiosis: Meiosis I
In meiosis I, first the oogonium (spermatogonium) enters meiosis with diploid (2N) chromosomes, but they enter with tetraploid (4N) DNA.
Population Density, Abundance
# individuals/area
Geographic Barrier
a limiting factor; (i.e. body of water, mountains, etc.)
Abiotic Factor
Living Organism
Population Dynamics
how populations change over time
Immigration
the process of animals coming into/moving to an area
Complete Dominance
1 copy of dominant gene = dominant pheotype
Hypotonic Solution
higher concentration water (solvent)
Population Dynamics: Factors
natality, mortality, immigration, emigration
Non-Disjunction
failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate subsequent to metaphase in meiosis or mitosis so that one daughter cell has both and the other neither of the chromosomes
Ecology
Interrelationship of organisms and their environment
Compound Microscope
eye piece lens, body, clips, knobs (coarse focus), knobs (fine focus), on/off switch, base, light source, diaphram, stage, slides, and main lens
Alleles
any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given locus
Food Web
the totality of interacting food chains in an ecological community
Polymer
a chemical compound or mixture of compounds and consisting essentially of repeating structural units
Plant Cells
1) have cell wall 2) have chlorophyll/chloroplasts 3) large central vacuole
Chromosomes
nucleic acids, makes proteins from genetic information
Mitosis: Anaphase
During anaphase, the spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores separate, and the chromatids or daughter chromosomes pull apart and begin moving toward the cell's poles (opposite ends).
Catalase - basic, acidic, or neutral?
basic
Compound
bond between 2 or more elements
Testable Question
Question that can be answered with data from an experiment
Positive Control
normal conditions, closest to natural atmosphere
Species
a group of closely related organisms that share common characteristics and reproduce naturally in the wild
Vacuoles
storage (water, waste, nutrients)
Amoeba
Motile Microorganism - (heterotrophic) - ectoplasm, endoplasm, pseudopodium (false feet), contractile vacuole (regulates homeostasis & controls water amount), food vacuole (food/nutrient storage), digestive vacuole (stores enzymes)
Lysosomes
cleaning system, breaks down old organelles
Source of Error
when there are not enough trials to accurately support or disprove hypothesis
Brightness
brightness is determined by the illumination of the light source on the microscope
Short/Long Arm (Chromosomes)
the two prominent segments of a chromosome (short arm = p, long arm = q), the arms of a given chromosome join at its centromere
Crenate
when a cell shrinks due to water loss
Meiosis: Prophase II
During meiosis II, in prophase II, spindle formation begins, and centrosomes start moving towards the poles, or opposite sides of the cell.
electrons [e-]
atomic number (outside nucleus)
Dehydration Synthesis
O - O + O
Biotic Factor
Non-Living
Cell Division
the process by which cells multiply involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic division — compare meiosis, mitosis
Hydrolosis
O + O - O
Biosphere
living organisms together with their environment
Dynamic Equilibrium
isotonic situation
Mitosis: Interphase
During interphase, cells appear inactive, but this is the stage in which the DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are produced.
Brownian Motion
random motion of molecules due to their KE
Fitness
the ability of an organism to produce offspring "survival of the fittest"
Paramecium
Motile Microorganism (heterotrophic) - trichocyst, contractile vacuole canals, endoplasm, ectoplasm, gullet, cilia (hairs), contractile vacuole (lets water in and out), food vacuole (contains enzymes to break down food), oral groove (ingests bacteria)
Mitosis: Metaphase
In metaphase, the tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all the chromosomes in one place in the cell's center.
Carnivore
an individual that only eats/consumes other consumers/animals
Decomposition
O - O + O
Nucleus
membrane-bound organelle that encloses DNA
Nucleolus
makes ribosomes
Codominance
heterozygote expresses both alleles
Continuous Data
related data (measurement), scatter plot or line graph
Evolution
a change in the genetic composition of natural populations over time
Solute
what is being dissolved (i.e. the salt in salt water)
Dissecting Microscope
eye piece lens, diopter rings, body, flexible and attaching screws, clips, stage plate, focus stand base, focus stand arm, transformer, focus knobs, light source, and zooming knobs
Competition
2 individuals competing for the same resources - finite amount
Organization - Data Table
title, original data, labeled, rows + columns, units
Environmental Pressures
limiting factor or geographic barrier
Kenetichores
a specialized structure on the centromere to which the microtubular spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis
Level of Detail
level of detail is determined by the focus and brightness of the microscope by the size and detail of the object being observed
Negative Control
something that lacks the independent variable
Genotypic Ratio
the proportion of genotypes found in individuals after a cross
Chloroplasts
make sugar
Mitosis
Mitosis is cell division responsible for reproducing somatic cells. With multi-cellular organisms, mitosis only happens in somatic cells, which comprise all the cells in an organism excluding reproductive cells. One round of mitosis yields two identical cells.
Dominance
the property of one of a pair of alleles or traits that suppresses expression of the other in the heterozygous condition
Population
a group of interbreeding organsisms of the same species in a given area
Structure/Function
structure (characteristics & how something is built) defines the function (purpose & what it does), and function influences structure
Comparative Biology
a multidisciplinary approach to understanding organismic diversity (biodiversity) that uses natural variation and disparity to elucidate phylogenetic history
Sex Chromosome
a chromosome that is inherited differently in the two sexes, that is concerned directly with the inheritance of sex, and that is the seat of factors governing the inheritance of various sex-linked and sex-limited characters
ATP
chemical energy - temporary storage after glucose is broken down
Carbs: Broken Down
body breaks down carbon-carbon bonds to get energy
Qualitative Data
observation based, characteristics
Consumers
an organism requiring complex organic compounds for food which it obtains by preying on other organisms or by eating particles of organic matter
Carbs Energy Storage (plants)
cellulose
Procedure
title, independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), control(s), constant(s), sample size, trials, question, hypothesis
Mitosis: Prometaphase
During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down (absence of recognizable nucleus) and some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores (proteins at the centromere of the chromosomes where sister chromatids join). The other spindle fibers elongate but overlap each other at the center of the cell instead of attaching to the chromosomes.
Sample Size
number of objects being tested in each experimental set-up
Recombination
the formation by the processes of crossing-over and independent assortment of new combinations of genes in progeny that did not occur in the parents
Plasmolysis
shrinking of plant cell membranes due to water loss
Homeostasis
a relatively stable state of equilibrium or a tendency toward such a state between the different but interdependent elements or groups of elements of an organism, population, or group
Adaptations
modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for existence under the conditions of its environment
Isotonic Situation
no difference in concentration
neutral pH
7
Population
the whole number of individuals in an area
Homologous Structures
in evolutionary biology, homology is any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry
Photosynthesis
ATP + H2O + CO2 - O2 + C6H12O6 (opposite of cellular respiration)
Hydrolosis
adding water to polymer to break up into 2 monomers
Meiosis
Meiosis is cell division that results in gametes (sex cells) and assures the genetic diversity of cells. Second, meiosis involves not one (like mitosis) but two cell divisions.
Quantitative Data
numbers based, measurement
Mitosis: Prophase
In prophase, the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA and its associated proteins) condense into chromosomes. These cells undergoing mitosis duplicate their chromosomes, resulting in cells with two times their normal haploid or diploid numbers (4N chromosomes). The newly-synthesized chromosomes are closely associated with their like-chromosome. The two identical chromosomes are called sister chromatids (they have the same genetic information). Also in prophase, the microtubules of the cytoskeleton, which shape the cell, disassemble.
acidic pH, acid
1 - 6.9
Synthesis
O + O - O~O
Genotype
all or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group
Cell Wall
helps plant cells maintain shape
Data
1) organization - data table 2) data collection 3) analysis - graph
Comparative Embryology/Anatomy
the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms
Vessicles
membrane-bound sphere that encloses something to transport
Active Transport
transport of a substance across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient, and it requires an expenditure of energy
Phenotypic Ratio
a ratio that shows the varied outcomes that results from a genetic cross and is based on physical appearance alone
Cycling Nutrients/Flow of Energy
Food Chains and Webs: Sun_Producers_Primary Consumer_Secondary Consumer_Decompostion
Biodiversity
biological diversity in an environment as indicated by numbers of different species of plants and animals
Macromolecule: Carbs
FUNCTION: energy storage, structure ELEMENTS: C, H, O MONOMERS: monosaccharides (fructose, glucose)
Ions
charged molecule - takes away or gives electrons
# of Bonds for Hydrogen (H)
1
Macromolecule: Proteins
FUNCTION: enzymes ELEMENTS: C,H,O,N,S MONOMERS: amino acid (peptide)
protons [p+]
atomic number (in nucleus)
Eukaryote Cells
[animals, plants, fungi] 1) unicellular/multicellular 2) have nucleus 3) have membrane-bound organelles
Chemical Energy
ATP
Hypothesis
If I do this to the independent variable then this will happen to the dependent variable
Solvent
what it is being dissolved in (i.e. the water in salt water)
Natality
birth rate
Prokaryote Cells
[bacteria] 1) lacks nucleus 2) lacks membrane-bound organelles 3) unicellular
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid(s)
1) Adenine 2) Cytosine 3) Thymine 4) Quanine
Zygote
somatic cell
Kinetic Energy
[KE] when molecules gain energy from their atmosphere, and anything that has temperatue has motion or moving energy
Limiting Factors
aspects of the environment that affect abundance and distribution (i.e. geographic barriers)
Meiosis: Anaphase I
In anaphase I, chiasmata break apart and sister chromatids begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell (poles).
Trial
number of times an experiment is done
Mitosis: Cytokinesis
Lastly, during cytokinesis, the cell pinches in the center until it breaks into two different cells. The microtubules reorganize into a new cytoskeleton. Then, a nucleus forms around the chromosomes in each cell to yield two cells with the same original number of chromosomes as the preexisting cell. The cells return to interphase.
Macromolecule: Lipids
FUNCTION: energy ELEMENTS: C,H,O MONOMERS: fatty acid (saturated and unsaturated)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
series of tubes - rough makes proteins and smooth packages proteins
Depth of Field
the portion of a scene that appears sharp in the image
Surface Area
the measure of how much exposed area an object has, and it's expressed in square units
# of Bonds for Oxygen (O)
2
Emigration
the process of animals leaving/moving away from an area
Dehydration Synthesis
enzymes remove H & OH from any 2 monomers to make water, creates bond
Euglena
Motile Microorganism - flagellum (tail), stigma (eye), reservoir (storage), chloroplasts, pellicle (outer covering), contractile vacuole (lets water in and out)
Turgor Pressure
osmosis
Semi-Permeable Membrane
a membrane that only allows select molecules to pass through it by diffusion
Ecosystem
the complex of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit

Deck Info

220

permalink