PHEO 600 Exam 3
Terms
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- What does OSHA stand for?
- occupational safety and health act
- What is OSHA's authority?
- promulgate, modify and revoke safety and health standards, petition courts to restrain continuance of work when imminent danger is evident
- What are OSHA's responsibilities?
- conduct inspections and investigations, issue citations, and propose penalties for violations
- What is imminent danger?
- any conditions or practices in any place of employment which are such that a danger exists which could reasonably be expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before the imminence of such danger can be eliminated through the enforcement procedures otherwise provided by this Act
- Imminent danger requirements
- must be a threat of death or serious physical harm, health hazards present and exposure to them will shorten life or cause substantial reduction in physical of mental efficiency, must be immediate or imminent
- Types of mechanical hazards
- hazards from machinery, moving parts can catch, cut, shear, crush, or scalp
- controls for mechanical hazards
- machine guarding, no loose clothing or long hair, interlocking devices
- types of structural hazards
- damaged or unstable building elements, ladders with missing rungs, gangways without railings, missing manhole covers, rotted wood or corroded metal, overhead hazards
- controls for structural hazards
- whenever employees are exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more above a lower level use guardrail systems, safety net systems, fall arrest systems, survey the site before working and continually audit as work continues, guard or cover any opening or holes immediately, construct all floor hold covers so they will effectively support two times the weight of employees, equipment, and materials, it is better to use fall prevention systems such as guardrails than fall protection systems such as safety nets or fall arrest devices
- types of noise hazards
- continuous, intermittent, impact, high frequency noise is more annoying and has greater potential for causing hearing loss
- adverse effects of noise hazards
- interferes with normal communication, may startle or distract worker, may cause physical damage to the ear resulting in temporary or permanent hearing loss, increase heart rate and blood pressure, stress to other body organs causing increased hormone output and muscle tension leading to nervousness, insomnia, and fatigue
- NRR
- noise reduction ratings - estimates number of dB of attenuation obtained by proper use of plugs or muffs, use 1/2 NRR as guide
- exposure guidelines
- no unprotected exposure greater than 140dB, consider the combined effects of more than one exposure interval and more than one sound level, daily limit is exceeded if X is greater than 1
- noise equation
-
C1/T1 + C2/T2 + C3/T3⬦+ Cn/Tn = X
C=actual exposure
T=maximum exposure allowed at that level - heat related disorders
- heat rash, heat cramps, heat syncope, dehydration, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
- predisposing factors of heat stress
- physical condition, obesity, alcohol/drugs, dehydration, sunburn, infection, illness, acclimatization, hot environment, PPE, heavy workload, anxiety, prior heat illness
- recognition-physiological markers of heat stress
- oral temperature + 1 degree F=core temp >100.4=heat stress, heart rate, water loss (dehydration)
- actions that reduce exposure to heat stress
- adjusting clothing to increase evaporative loss, slowing work rate, taking small breaks to lower metabolic rate, using shortcuts in work methods
- effects of heat stress on attitude
- irritability, low morale, absenteeism, unsafe behavior
- WBGT
- wet bulb globe temperature
- WBGT equation on cloudy day or indoors
- WBGT=0.7NWB+0.3GT
- WBGT equation on sunny day
- WBGT=0.7NWB+0.2GT+0.1DB
- NWBT
- natural wet bulb temperature - air flows naturally over a wetter wick wrapped around a temperature sensor sensitive to both humidity and air movement
- GT
- globe temperature - measure of radiant heat from the solid surrounding and convective heat exchange with the ambient air when all surrounding surfaces are same temperature as air, GT is equal to air temperature
- DB
- dry bulb temperature - direct measure of air temperature
- heat TLVs
- threshold limit values
- cold temperature injuries
- hypothermia, frostbite, trench foot
- hypothermia
- as body temperature approaches the low nineties gross muscular incoordination becomes obvious stumbling falling and inability to use hands, the victim may become cantankerous or forgetful and display inappropriate behavior
- frostbite
- localized freezing of skin (30.2 degrees F)
- 3 degrees of frosbite
- freezing w/o blistering, freezing w/ blistering, freezing w/ tissue death
- trench foot
- from prolonged immersion in cold water, swollen, numb, white, or cyanotic, then pain, tingling, swelling and blistering
- wind chill
- index used to determine the risk of cold injury by estimating the cooling effect of wind
- types of ionizing radiation
- alpha, beta, gamma particles
- alpha particles
- positively charged heavy particles, release a significant amount of energy as they pass through matter which in turn produces more ions, travel only a short distance, alpha emitters are not very hazardous as long as they are kept outside the body but are dangerous if ingested or inhaled especially when they are concentrated in bone liver or kidney tissues
- beta particles
- very small fast negatively charged particles, can penetrate wood clothing and skin, overexposure can cause skin burns, as a beta particle loses energy and slows down it emits X radiation, beta particles and beta emitters are hazardous by ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact
- gamma radiation or gamma rays
- high energy electromagnetic energy with a very short wavelength that originates in the nucleus of an atom, travels at the speed of light and has an extended range, readily penetrate the body where they are scattered or absorbed this process produces secondary radiation in the form of charged particles and X rays, x rays are similar to gamma rays except that they do not originate in the nucleus, because of its energy and penetration capabilities gamma radiation is considered the most hazardous form of radiation
- health concerns of ionizing radiation
- break choromosomes, mutate DNA, induce cancer
- exposure control of ionizing radiation methods
- time, distance, shielding
- controlling radiation with time
- direct relationship, total exposure=radiation sources x time (hrs)
- controlling radiation with distance
- inverse relationship, as you get further from the source the intensity decreases
- controlling radiation with shielding
- alpha particles stopped by a sheet of paper, beta particles stopped by a layer of clothing or by a few millimeters of a substance such as aluminum, gamma rays stopped by several feet of concrete or a few inches of lead
- inverse square law
- any point source which spreads its influence equally in all directions without limit to its range will obey the inverse square law I2=I1(d12/d22)
- ALARA
- as los as reasonably achievable
- key issues of occupational diseases
- limited resources require targeting, changes in US workplaces and its workforce (increased diversity, shift from manufacturing to services, longer hours, compressed work weeks, shift work, reduced job security, part-time and temporary work
- magnitude of problem of occupational diseases
- each day it is estimated that 9,000 US workers sustain disabling injuries on the job, 16 US workers die from an injury sustained at work, 137 US workers die from work-related diseases, estimated total cost is $171 billion
- NORA research priorities
- disease and injury, work environment and workforce, research tools and approaches
- patterns of hearing loss
- conductive & sensorineural
- conductive hearling loss
- problem before the stapes footplate, impaired transmission through external or middle ears, generally correctable
- sensorineural hearing loss
- damage beyond the stapes footplate, impaired mechanoreception or neural transmission, generally not curable
- types of hearing protection
- inserts, muffs, canal caps
- inserts
- plugs fit directly into ear canal, fit depends on canal configuration
- muffs
- cups cover both ears, fit depends on headband tension
- canal caps
- combination of plugs with headband, fit depends on correct orientation, cap placement, and headband tension
- skin disease
- historically the most occupational disease, now second most common OSHA-recordable illness
- common skin reactions
- chemical irritaion & allergy
- chemical skin irritation
- acute irritant dermatitis, chronic irritant dermatitis, corrosion (burns), phototoxicity
- skin allergy
- allergic contact dermatitis, photosensitivity
- occupational asthma
- a disease characterized by variable airflow limitation or airway hyperresponsiveness due to causes and conditions attributable to a particular occupational environment and not to stimuli encountered outside the workplace, OA with latency (sensitization), OA without latency (irritant-induced)
- silicosis
- oldest known occupational disease, still the most common form of pneumoconiosis, a chronic diffuse interstitial fibronodular disease caused by long-term inhalation of dust containing free crystalline silica, diagnosis: history of exposure, radiographic abnormalities
- synonyms of silicosis
- dust consumption, Ganister disease, Grinders’ asthma, Grinder’s rot, Grit consumption, Potter’s rot, Mason’s disease, Miner’s asthma, Miner’s phthisis, Sewer disease, Stonemason’s disease, Chalicosis
- byssinosis
- (cotton dust)a respiratory disorder characterized by a temporal patter of chest tightness and shortness of breath most prominent during the first shift worked after weekend away from the job, Monday symptoms, gradual onset over several hours, reversible airways obstruction (initially), described by Ramazzini in 1700s
- COPD
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a spectrum of chronic respiratory diseases characterized by airflow limitation, symptoms: cough, sputum production, dyspnea, wheezing, chest discomfort
- hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- a spectrum of lung disease resulting from repeated inhalation of and sensitization to a wide variety of agents, organic dusts, low-molecular weight chemical agents
- causative agents of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- bacteria, fungi, amoeba, animal proteins, chemical
- asbestosis
- caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, serpentine (chrysotile), amphiboles (crocidolite, amosite), latency typically > 20 years, other major outcomes lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma
- coal-worker's pneumoconiosis
- the deposition of coal dust in the lungs and the body’s reaction to it, diagnosis history of exposure and radiographic abnormailities
- chemical/physical hazards of the male reproductive system
- ionizing radiation, heat, trauma, DBCP, lead
- chemical/physical hazards of the female reproductive system
- ionizing radiation, surgery, lead, hormones
- incidence of cancer deaths in males
- 24.4%
- incidence of cancer deaths in females
- 22.3%
- epicondylitis
- inflammation of ECRB - elbow
- peritendinitis
- MT juntion - wrist
- entrapment
- impaired gliding of APL or EPB - wrist, digits
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- nerve damage - hand/wrist