Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Vocabulary
Terms
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- Labor Unions
- An organization of workers.
- Initiative
- A method of allowing voters to propose a new law on the ballot for public approval
- Florence Kelly
- helped persuade Illinois to prohibit child labor and to limit the number of hours women were forced to work
- NAWSA
- an organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to obtain women's right to vote
- Square Deal
- Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan and expressed his belief that the needs of workers, business, and consumers should be balanced, and called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving working conditions.
- Sixteenth Amendment
- law that allowed Congress to levy taxes based on an individual's income
- Meat Inspection Act
- law that required federal government inspection of meat shipped across state lines
- Frances Willard
- headed the WCTU from 1879 to 1898 and made the WCTU a powerful force for temperance and for the rights of women
- Carrie Chapman Catt
- Under her leadership, NAWSA launched a new strategy in 1916 to campaign for suffrage on both the state and federal levels.
- Nineteenth Amendment
- a constitutional amendment that gave women the vote
- The Jungle
- exposed the horrific working conditions and unsanitary manufacturing practices in the meatpacking industry. It prompted a huge federal probe and the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
- Women's Christian Temperance Movement
- Reform organizationh that led the fight against alcohol in the late 1800s
- William Howard Taft
- worked to secure Roosevelt 's progressive reforms rather than to build upon them. He supported several reforms, such as creating a Department of Labor to enforce labor laws and increasing national forest reserves
- WEB Du Bois
- formed the multiracial National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Its purpose was to fight for the rights of African Americans.
- Sherman Antitrust Act
- a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trust that restrained free trade
- Susan B. Anthony
- formed the National Woman Suffrage Association. It campaigned for a constitutional amendment to give women the vote. It dealt with other issues that concerned women as well, such as labor organizing.
- Recall
- A vote to remove an official from office.
- Upton Sinclair
- exposed the wretched and unsanitary conditions of meatpacking plants in his 1906 novel The Jungle
- Wisconsin Idea
- The idea that pushed through an ambitious agenda of reforms that was made by Robert M. La Follette
- Lincoln Steffens
- exposed the corruption of city governments in the Shame of the Cities.
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Used the power of the presidency to push for progressive reforms in business and in environmental policy.
- Jacob Riis
- wrote about the lives of impoverished immigrants in New York City . He wrote the book How the Other Half Lives and stunned Americans with its photographs of desperate urban poverty.
- AFL
- it allowed only skilled workers as members, the ILGWU organized unskilled workers.
- Referendum
- A procedure that allows voters to approve or reject a law already proposed or passed by government.
- Newlands Reclamation Act
- law that allowed the federal government to build irrigation projects to make marginal lands productive
- NAACP
- fought on a number of fronts. It protested the introduction of segregation into the federal government. Two years later, it protested the film Birth of a Nation because of its hostile stereotyping of African Americans.
- Prohibition
- a ban on alcohol that became law in 1920 and was lifted in 1933
- Carry Nation
- took her campaign right to the source. With a hatchet in one hand and a Bible in the other, she smashed up saloons in Kansas and urged other women to do the same.
- Progressives
- Also known as reformers that sought to improve living conditions for the urban poor. They questioned the power and practices of big business. They also called for government to be more honest and responsive to people's needs.
- Direct primary
- an election in which voters choose candidate to run in a general election. Mississippi adopted the direct primary in 1903.
- Seventeenth Amendment
- A constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect U.S. senators
- Federal Reserve Act
- law that created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic. It also placed the banking system under the supervision of the government for the first time
- Eighteenth Amendment
- a constitutional amendment that outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States and repealed in 1933
- Robert M. La Follette
- pushed through an ambitious agenda of reforms that became known as the Wisconsin Idea. He called for electoral reforms, such as limits on campaign spending.
- Meat Inspection Act
- law that forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of food and patent medicine containing harmful ingredients, and required that containers of food and medicines carry ingredient labels
- Alice Paul
- broke away from NAWSA and formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. It focused on passage of a federal constitutional amendment for women's suffrage
- New Freedom
- Woodrow Wilson's plan of reform which called for tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation
- Clayton Antitrust Act
- law that prohibited companies from buying the stock of competing companies in order to form a monopoly, forbad companies from selling goods below cost with the goal of driving their competitors out of business and make strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing legal
- Muckrakers
- A term coined for journalists who "raked up" and exposed corruption and problems of society.
- Ida Tarbell
- wrote a scathing report condemning the business practices of the Standard Oil Company in McClure's Magazine. She revealed how John D. Rockefeller crushed his competition in his quest to gain control over the oil business. Her reports appealed to a middleclass readership increasingly frightened by the unchecked power of large businesses such as Standard Oil.
- Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
- A gruesome disaster in New York in 1911 galvanized Progressives to fight for safety in the workplace. More than 140 women and men died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire.
- Jane Addams
- founder of the first American settlement houses called the Hull House in Chicago . She formed the multiracial national Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
- Woodrow Wilson
- received 435 electoral votes. He came to office with a reputation as a zealous reformer. He fought political machines and approved a law permitting direct primaries, and enacted a program to compensate injured workers.