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Psych 100 Final Exam

Terms

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theoretical framework, standardized procedures, generalizability, objective measurement
four characteristics of good psychological research
neuroses, personality disorders, psychoses
three psychodynamic classes of psychopathology
Amygdala
Regulates emotions, particularly fear
MAOI
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, keep MAO from breaking down monoamine NTs, making more available in synapse
Infantile amnesia
inability to recall explicit memories for events before age 3 or 4
Long term Memory
Representations of facts, images, thoughts, feelings, actions, skills, and experiences that may persist over a lifetime
autonomic nervous system
system that conveys info to and fro internal bodily structures that carry out basic life processes, like respiration and digestion
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Four stages of cognitive development
Beta waves
>13 hz, information processing
Id
hurt associate, sexual and aggressive energy, pleasure principle
Temporal lobe
language, hearing, visual pattern recognition
Frontal lobe
abstract thinking, planning, social skills
scientific revolution
Paradigm shift occurs when there is an anomaly that cannot be explained within the paradigm
Gc
abbreviation for crystallized intelligence
visual memory store
temporary image (holds for 20-30 seconds) that provides info about the location and nature of objects
Sleep Stage 3
appearance of delta waves
true self, false self, ideal self
Roger's "multiple selves"
Myelin sheath
derived from glial cells, insulates nerve cell, speeds up conduction of nerve messages at the nodes of ranvier
Broca's area
speech production, grammar
Hindbrain/midbrain
part of brain involved in arousal and sleep
Sensory registers
Hold info about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation of it to remain in memory for further processing
Latency
freudian stage: 7-11 years - sublimation of sexual and aggressive urges
Cognitive-behavioral perspective of psychopathology
Integration of classical and operant conditioning within cognitive-social perspective
Broca's area
left frontal lobe is connected to producing speech fluently
Hippocampus
Explicit memory
Two factor theory
g-factors and s-factors
Superego
behave morally, conscience
Dementia
Progressive and incurable disorder marked by memory loss and disturbances of higher mental functions
test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater
three techniques to determine reliability
effect of sodium
na+ ions flowing in depolarizes the membrane (brings volts closer to 0) which excited the neuron, makes it more likely to fire
functionalism
Consciousness serves a purpose
Thomas Kuhn
person who positied "paradigms"
Explicit memory
conscious retrieval or info
parasympathetic
vegetative functions, blood-sugar level regulation
Fluid intelligence (Gf)
intellectual capacities that have no specific content but are used in processing info an approaching new problems
Orienting reflex
tendency to pay greater attention to novel stimuli than to familiar (habituated) stimuli
Terman
Guy who altered Binet's intelligence scale
.15 to .50
heritability of traits between twins
Implicit memory
type of memory present at birth
Formal operational
stage of cognitive development: 12+ mature adult thinking
DSM-IV axes
1) Clinical syndromes, 2) Personality disorders and mental retardation, 3) General medical conditions, 4) Psychosocial and environmental problems, 5) Global assessment of functioning (GAF scale 1-100)
Unconscious
mental events that are inaccessible to awareness
Assimilation
interpreting new info in terms of present schemas
action potential
if the summated activity at the axon hillock raises the membrane potential past threshold, an action potential (firing of a neuron) will occur
three types of validity
face, criterion, construct
Serotonin (5ht)
regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal, and pain
Endorphins
elevate mood and reduce pain
psychodynamic method
seek to understand the meanings of a client's mental live using the case stud method
Conscious
mental events that you are aware of (small)
Avoidant
child ignores mother
six steps of experimental research
Framing a hypothesis, operationalizing variables, developing a standardized procedure, selecting and assigning participants, applying statistical techniques to the data, drawing conclusions
Alpha waves
8-12 hz, relaxed state with eyes closed
Sleep Stage 4
mostly delta waves, relaxed muscles, decreased rate of breathing, slightly lower body temp.
Covert orienting
Deployment of visual attention to a location other than the focus of the foveal gaze
Object permanence
an object continues to exist in time and space, even if you can't see it
Oral
freudian stage, 0-18 months - dependency
Mary Ainsworth('s study)
Strange Situation Paradigm
Agnosia
inability to identify familiar objects or faces
cerebellum
controls posture, balance, and smooth movements
Interval schedules
payoffs are delivered only after some interval of time, no matter how many responses the organism emits
interrater consistency
consistency across people.
postconventional
concern on abstract, carefully considered principles
Aphasia
language impairment
Five reasons for diagnosis
communicate with other clinicians, etiology (cause/origin of disorder), treatment possibilities, aid to scientific investigations, enabling third-party payments
William James
Proponent of functionalism
Psychosurgery
lobotomy, used for extreme OCD
Ambivalent
angry at mother, but seeks to be close
Procedural memory
"how to" knowledge of procedures or skills
cognitive metaphor
the mind is like a computer
Cerebral cortex
Part of brain that provides for flexible control of patterns of movement, Permits subtle discrimination among complex sensory patterns, Makes symbolic thinking possible
REM
more desynchrony in EEG (beta waves), dreaming, increased nervous system activity, motor paralysis
Wilhelm Wundt
father of psychology
verbal memory store
involves storage of verbal items
Spearman
Developed the two factor theory
Antipsychotic medications (action)
dopamine receptor antagonists
Wilhelm Wundt
Proponent of structuralism
Neuroses
problems in living that involve anxiety or interpersonal conflict (everyone has them at some point)
external validity
does the experimental situation resemble a situation in the real world?
central executive
controls "executive" processes such as rehearsal, reasoning, and balancing two tasks simultaneously
Wernicke's area
speech comprehension
Ratio schedules
payoffs are tied to number of responses emitted
Gf
fluid intelligence
Psychoses
marked disturbances of contact with reality
Beck's cognitive therapy
work on changing maladaptive patterns of thought and behavior with a therapist
Amygdala
part of brain associated with fear conditioning and avoidance learning
-70 millivolts
resting neuron potential
Wernicke's area
left temporal lobe is connected to understanding speech that makes sense, even though fluent
theoretical framework
paradigm
Acetylcholine (Ach)
chemical associated with learning and memory
working memory
the slowest developing memory system, relying on the maturation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Mental representations
a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli
Short term memory
Memory store that holds a small amount of info in consciousness for a limited duration
Glutamate
excitatory nt involved in learning
syntactics
grammar (rules) of language
Implicit memory
expressed in behavior, doesn't require conscious recollection (skills, conditioned learning, associative memory)
Verbal representations
Info stored in words
Egocentrism
child understands world only through its own viewpoint
Attention
the process by which we focus out conscious awareness
seven types of intelligence
Linguistic/verbal, Logic/mathematical, Musical, Bodily/kinesthetic, Spatial, Intrapersonal (self-understanding), Interpersonal (social skills)
Interference (theory)
conflict between old and new memories
Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft
Examples of SSRIs
Thorndike
cats in a box learned to pull a string to get to food
Antianxiety medication
benzodiazepines, increase activity of GABA
phonemics
smallest unit of speech that is distinguishable; critical period exists
adrenaline (release)
adrenal glands
localization of function
notion that discrete brain regions control discrete aspects of mental functioning
motor neurons
transmit commands away from the brain to the muscles and glands (efferent)
cell body
nucleus, creates neurotransmitter (NT) molecules
Crystallized intelligence (Gc)
people's stored knowledge
interneurons
pass info betwixt the various sensory and motor neurons
Declarative memory
type of memory for facts and events
Biological perspective of psychopathology
seeks the roots of abnormal behavior within the brain
Occipital lobe
vision
Delta waves
slow, <4 hz, stage 3 and 4 sleep, coma, MR
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in 1/3 of brain neurons, Involved in regulation of anxiety (valium, alcohol)
phonemics, semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, prosody
five dimensions of language
spacing effect
superiority of memory for info rehearsed over longer intervals
behaviorist data
quantitative empirical data analyses that can be replicated
Environmentalism
shaped by the environment
effect of potassium
k+ flowing out hyperpolarizes the membranes which inhibits the neuron, makes it less likely to fire
psychodynamic data
therapist seeks understanding of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the client.
dendrites
receive info from other neurons
superior colliculus
reflexive orienting to visual stimuli
Synapse
space between two neurons
standardized procedures
Expose the participants to as similar procedures as possible
Concrete operational
stage of cognitive developmet: 7-12 years or age, principle of conservation, logic
Motoric representations
Memories of motor actions, muscle movement
Divided attention
Splitting attention between two or more complex tasks at the same time
gonads
body part that influences sexual development and behavior
Theta waves
4-7 hz, stage 1 sleep
Ellis rational-emotive (behavior therapy)
Patients maximize rational thinking, therapist points out flaws in thinking
Operant (instrumental) conditioning
Reponses operate on the environment and are instrumental in receiving reward or avoiding punishment
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
graded potential
spreading voltage changes, which have two characteristics
William James
author of first psych textbook
prosody
rhythm and intonation used to convey meaning (linguistic) or emotion (affective)
Stroop test
names of colors written in different colors
Law of effect
behavior is controlled by its consequences
Sucking reflex
infants can be trained to suck a pacifier
objective measurement
To study a variable, you need a way to measure it
Gardner('s theory)
person who developed the theory of multiple intelligences
criterion validity
the degree to which a measure allows a researcher to distinguish among groups on the basis of certain behaviors or responses
Long-term potentiation
tendency of a group of neurons to fire more readily after consistent stimulation from other neurons
memory and decision-making
cognitive data
Terminal buttons of the axon
release neurotransmitters
interact with NT sites
Psychotropic mechanisms of action
general (g-factor)
score well globally on all scales and in all academic areas
Four types of attachment
ambivalent, secure, disorganized, avoidant
thalamus
relay station
conventional
concern on meeting moral standards learned from others, maintaining law and order
preconventional
concern on avoiding punishment and obtaining reward
Convergent validity
should correlate with related measures
pragmatics
the way meaning is conveyed
permissive
impose minimal or no controls on their children
Systems perspective (of psychopathology)
Roots of abnormality in the broader social context
Genital
freudian stage: 12+ years - mature sexuality and relationships
sensory neurons
transmit info from sensory receptors to brain (afferent)
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness
five universal facial expressions of emotions
Operations
internalized (mental) actions a person can use to manipulate, transform, and then return an object to its original state
structuralism
Uncover basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine
Parietal lobe
touch, spatial orientation, nonverbal thinking
sympathetic
emergency, fight or flight
experimental
cognitive method
authoritarian
place a high value on obedience and respect for authority
Fixed ratio
every nth response
Prefrontal cortex
conscious control of info processing
construct validity
the degree to which a measure actually assesses what it claims to assess
longitudinal (method)
compares same group at multiple time points
psychodynamic metaphor
Awareness is like an iceberg; the small portion above the water is the conscious, the larger bit below the water is the unconscious
internal locus
our actions determine our fate
Apraxia
decline in motor skills
pancreas
releases insulin
generalizability
• Research studies take samples from a limited portion of the entire population
MAOI, SSRI, TCA
Three types of antidepressant medications
Variable ratio
the average is every nth response
Ego
hurt associate, but justify it on moral grounds, the self, reality principle
three elements of attachment
desire of the child to be physically close to caretaker, sense of security around caretaker, feelings of distress when caretaker is absent
Frontal lobe
part of brain associate with working memory, procedural memory, episodic memory
M=100, SD=15
Mean and Standard Deviation on standardized IQ scale
touch, gestures, body language, vocal intonation, physical distance, facial expressions
six types of nonverbal communication
Secure
child welcomes mother's return and seeks to be close to her
Sensory representations
Store info in a sensory mode (visual, auditory, tactile)
Executive dysfunction
can't plan, organize, sequence
Conservation
understanding that the basic properties of an object are constant even if the object changes shape
Personality disorders
chronic and severe disturbances that make it hard to live
Harlow
person who studied contact comfort
ECT
electroconvulsive shock therapy, used for extreme depression
Specific (s-factors)
specific abilities unique to certain tests or shared only by a subset of tests
behaviorist metaphor
humans and other animals are like machines
Spacing effect
superiority of memory for info rehearsed over longer intervals
Wechsler
Guy who developed standardized IQ scale
cross-sectional (method)
compares groups of different ages at the same time
external locus
external forces determine fate
evolutionary metaphor
we are all runners in a race competing for survival
Sleep Stage 2
bulk of sleep, 45%, sleep spindles (motor inhibition) and high amplitude k-complexes
somatic/voluntary nervous system
typically involved in intentional actions, but also handles things like posture and balance, transmits sensory info to the central nervous system and carries out motor commands
Axon
long extension from cell body, transmits info to other neurons
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Freud's psychosexual stages
Discriminate validity
should not correlate with unrelated measures
Sensorimotor
0-2 years limited to sensory input, object permanence develops, egocentric
authoritative
enforce standards, but encourage verbal give-and-take
evolutionary data
often start with a known behavior in a species and attempt to explain it on the basis of evolutionary principles
Thalamus
shines a spotlight on important info and inhibits attention to irrelevant info
Echoic memory
momentary memory for auditory information
Disorganized (attachment)
child may approach mother, but doesn't really look at her, looks a little dazed
Preoperational
2-7 years symbolic thoughts, language develops, object permanence firmly established
TCA
Tricyclic antidepressants, block reuptake of norepenephrine and serotonin
internal validity
type of validity: are the methods sound or flawed?
Observational learning
learning by observing the behavior of others
Selective attention
the ability to focus on one element amidst a constant flow of sensations
pituitary
master gland
Iconic storage
momentary memory for visual information
perspective taking
the ability to understand other people's viewpoints
inferior colliculus
reflexive orienting to auditory stimuli
pons
nerve fibers that connect the higher brain centers and spinal cord
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
involved in working memory and conscious decision making, and is activated when preparing to exert conscious control
evolutionary method
mostly deductive, some experimental
Dopamine (DA)
produced in the substantial nigra
semantics
words of a language and their meanings
Anal
2-3 years - orderliness, cleanliness, control, compliance
thyroid
growth/metabolism, energy/mood
case study, naturalistic observation, survey research
three types of descriptive research
Preconscious
mental events that can be brought in to conscious awareness easily
Modeling
learn to reproduce behavior exhibited by a model
Cattell and Horn
people who developed the Gf-Gc theory
Decay theory
memory is like a fading neural trace that is weakened with disuse
Sleep Stage 1
slowing of waves, increase in theta waves, few minutes
Phallic
4-6 years - parental identification (same sex), conscience, Oedipus complex, castration complex, penis envy
Accommodation
process by which old schemas are modified to fit reality
Selective inattention
Process by which important, but emotionally upsetting, info is ignored
sequential study
examines multiple cohorts longitudinally
theory of mind
ability to see other people's points of view (develops around age 4)

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