Psych 100 Final Exam
Terms
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- theoretical framework, standardized procedures, generalizability, objective measurement
- four characteristics of good psychological research
- neuroses, personality disorders, psychoses
- three psychodynamic classes of psychopathology
- Amygdala
- Regulates emotions, particularly fear
- MAOI
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, keep MAO from breaking down monoamine NTs, making more available in synapse
- Infantile amnesia
- inability to recall explicit memories for events before age 3 or 4
- Long term Memory
- Representations of facts, images, thoughts, feelings, actions, skills, and experiences that may persist over a lifetime
- autonomic nervous system
- system that conveys info to and fro internal bodily structures that carry out basic life processes, like respiration and digestion
- sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
- Four stages of cognitive development
- Beta waves
- >13 hz, information processing
- Id
- hurt associate, sexual and aggressive energy, pleasure principle
- Temporal lobe
- language, hearing, visual pattern recognition
- Frontal lobe
- abstract thinking, planning, social skills
- scientific revolution
- Paradigm shift occurs when there is an anomaly that cannot be explained within the paradigm
- Gc
- abbreviation for crystallized intelligence
- visual memory store
- temporary image (holds for 20-30 seconds) that provides info about the location and nature of objects
- Sleep Stage 3
- appearance of delta waves
- true self, false self, ideal self
- Roger's "multiple selves"
- Myelin sheath
- derived from glial cells, insulates nerve cell, speeds up conduction of nerve messages at the nodes of ranvier
- Broca's area
- speech production, grammar
- Hindbrain/midbrain
- part of brain involved in arousal and sleep
- Sensory registers
- Hold info about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears, allowing a mental representation of it to remain in memory for further processing
- Latency
- freudian stage: 7-11 years - sublimation of sexual and aggressive urges
- Cognitive-behavioral perspective of psychopathology
- Integration of classical and operant conditioning within cognitive-social perspective
- Broca's area
- left frontal lobe is connected to producing speech fluently
- Hippocampus
- Explicit memory
- Two factor theory
- g-factors and s-factors
- Superego
- behave morally, conscience
- Dementia
- Progressive and incurable disorder marked by memory loss and disturbances of higher mental functions
- test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater
- three techniques to determine reliability
- effect of sodium
- na+ ions flowing in depolarizes the membrane (brings volts closer to 0) which excited the neuron, makes it more likely to fire
- functionalism
- Consciousness serves a purpose
- Thomas Kuhn
- person who positied "paradigms"
- Explicit memory
- conscious retrieval or info
- parasympathetic
- vegetative functions, blood-sugar level regulation
- Fluid intelligence (Gf)
- intellectual capacities that have no specific content but are used in processing info an approaching new problems
- Orienting reflex
- tendency to pay greater attention to novel stimuli than to familiar (habituated) stimuli
- Terman
- Guy who altered Binet's intelligence scale
- .15 to .50
- heritability of traits between twins
- Implicit memory
- type of memory present at birth
- Formal operational
- stage of cognitive development: 12+ mature adult thinking
- DSM-IV axes
- 1) Clinical syndromes, 2) Personality disorders and mental retardation, 3) General medical conditions, 4) Psychosocial and environmental problems, 5) Global assessment of functioning (GAF scale 1-100)
- Unconscious
- mental events that are inaccessible to awareness
- Assimilation
- interpreting new info in terms of present schemas
- action potential
- if the summated activity at the axon hillock raises the membrane potential past threshold, an action potential (firing of a neuron) will occur
- three types of validity
- face, criterion, construct
- Serotonin (5ht)
- regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal, and pain
- Endorphins
- elevate mood and reduce pain
- psychodynamic method
- seek to understand the meanings of a client's mental live using the case stud method
- Conscious
- mental events that you are aware of (small)
- Avoidant
- child ignores mother
- six steps of experimental research
- Framing a hypothesis, operationalizing variables, developing a standardized procedure, selecting and assigning participants, applying statistical techniques to the data, drawing conclusions
- Alpha waves
- 8-12 hz, relaxed state with eyes closed
- Sleep Stage 4
- mostly delta waves, relaxed muscles, decreased rate of breathing, slightly lower body temp.
- Covert orienting
- Deployment of visual attention to a location other than the focus of the foveal gaze
- Object permanence
- an object continues to exist in time and space, even if you can't see it
- Oral
- freudian stage, 0-18 months - dependency
- Mary Ainsworth('s study)
- Strange Situation Paradigm
- Agnosia
- inability to identify familiar objects or faces
- cerebellum
- controls posture, balance, and smooth movements
- Interval schedules
- payoffs are delivered only after some interval of time, no matter how many responses the organism emits
- interrater consistency
- consistency across people.
- postconventional
- concern on abstract, carefully considered principles
- Aphasia
- language impairment
- Five reasons for diagnosis
- communicate with other clinicians, etiology (cause/origin of disorder), treatment possibilities, aid to scientific investigations, enabling third-party payments
- William James
- Proponent of functionalism
- Psychosurgery
- lobotomy, used for extreme OCD
- Ambivalent
- angry at mother, but seeks to be close
- Procedural memory
- "how to" knowledge of procedures or skills
- cognitive metaphor
- the mind is like a computer
- Cerebral cortex
- Part of brain that provides for flexible control of patterns of movement, Permits subtle discrimination among complex sensory patterns, Makes symbolic thinking possible
- REM
- more desynchrony in EEG (beta waves), dreaming, increased nervous system activity, motor paralysis
- Wilhelm Wundt
- father of psychology
- verbal memory store
- involves storage of verbal items
- Spearman
- Developed the two factor theory
- Antipsychotic medications (action)
- dopamine receptor antagonists
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Proponent of structuralism
- Neuroses
- problems in living that involve anxiety or interpersonal conflict (everyone has them at some point)
- external validity
- does the experimental situation resemble a situation in the real world?
- central executive
- controls "executive" processes such as rehearsal, reasoning, and balancing two tasks simultaneously
- Wernicke's area
- speech comprehension
- Ratio schedules
- payoffs are tied to number of responses emitted
- Gf
- fluid intelligence
- Psychoses
- marked disturbances of contact with reality
- Beck's cognitive therapy
- work on changing maladaptive patterns of thought and behavior with a therapist
- Amygdala
- part of brain associated with fear conditioning and avoidance learning
- -70 millivolts
- resting neuron potential
- Wernicke's area
- left temporal lobe is connected to understanding speech that makes sense, even though fluent
- theoretical framework
- paradigm
- Acetylcholine (Ach)
- chemical associated with learning and memory
- working memory
- the slowest developing memory system, relying on the maturation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Mental representations
- a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli
- Short term memory
- Memory store that holds a small amount of info in consciousness for a limited duration
- Glutamate
- excitatory nt involved in learning
- syntactics
- grammar (rules) of language
- Implicit memory
- expressed in behavior, doesn't require conscious recollection (skills, conditioned learning, associative memory)
- Verbal representations
- Info stored in words
- Egocentrism
- child understands world only through its own viewpoint
- Attention
- the process by which we focus out conscious awareness
- seven types of intelligence
- Linguistic/verbal, Logic/mathematical, Musical, Bodily/kinesthetic, Spatial, Intrapersonal (self-understanding), Interpersonal (social skills)
- Interference (theory)
- conflict between old and new memories
- Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft
- Examples of SSRIs
- Thorndike
- cats in a box learned to pull a string to get to food
- Antianxiety medication
- benzodiazepines, increase activity of GABA
- phonemics
- smallest unit of speech that is distinguishable; critical period exists
- adrenaline (release)
- adrenal glands
- localization of function
- notion that discrete brain regions control discrete aspects of mental functioning
- motor neurons
- transmit commands away from the brain to the muscles and glands (efferent)
- cell body
- nucleus, creates neurotransmitter (NT) molecules
- Crystallized intelligence (Gc)
- people's stored knowledge
- interneurons
- pass info betwixt the various sensory and motor neurons
- Declarative memory
- type of memory for facts and events
- Biological perspective of psychopathology
- seeks the roots of abnormal behavior within the brain
- Occipital lobe
- vision
- Delta waves
- slow, <4 hz, stage 3 and 4 sleep, coma, MR
- GABA
- inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in 1/3 of brain neurons, Involved in regulation of anxiety (valium, alcohol)
- phonemics, semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, prosody
- five dimensions of language
- spacing effect
- superiority of memory for info rehearsed over longer intervals
- behaviorist data
- quantitative empirical data analyses that can be replicated
- Environmentalism
- shaped by the environment
- effect of potassium
- k+ flowing out hyperpolarizes the membranes which inhibits the neuron, makes it less likely to fire
- psychodynamic data
- therapist seeks understanding of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the client.
- dendrites
- receive info from other neurons
- superior colliculus
- reflexive orienting to visual stimuli
- Synapse
- space between two neurons
- standardized procedures
- Expose the participants to as similar procedures as possible
- Concrete operational
- stage of cognitive developmet: 7-12 years or age, principle of conservation, logic
- Motoric representations
- Memories of motor actions, muscle movement
- Divided attention
- Splitting attention between two or more complex tasks at the same time
- gonads
- body part that influences sexual development and behavior
- Theta waves
- 4-7 hz, stage 1 sleep
- Ellis rational-emotive (behavior therapy)
- Patients maximize rational thinking, therapist points out flaws in thinking
- Operant (instrumental) conditioning
- Reponses operate on the environment and are instrumental in receiving reward or avoiding punishment
- preconventional, conventional, postconventional
- Kohlberg's stages of moral development
- graded potential
- spreading voltage changes, which have two characteristics
- William James
- author of first psych textbook
- prosody
- rhythm and intonation used to convey meaning (linguistic) or emotion (affective)
- Stroop test
- names of colors written in different colors
- Law of effect
- behavior is controlled by its consequences
- Sucking reflex
- infants can be trained to suck a pacifier
- objective measurement
- To study a variable, you need a way to measure it
- Gardner('s theory)
- person who developed the theory of multiple intelligences
- criterion validity
- the degree to which a measure allows a researcher to distinguish among groups on the basis of certain behaviors or responses
- Long-term potentiation
- tendency of a group of neurons to fire more readily after consistent stimulation from other neurons
- memory and decision-making
- cognitive data
- Terminal buttons of the axon
- release neurotransmitters
- interact with NT sites
- Psychotropic mechanisms of action
- general (g-factor)
- score well globally on all scales and in all academic areas
- Four types of attachment
- ambivalent, secure, disorganized, avoidant
- thalamus
- relay station
- conventional
- concern on meeting moral standards learned from others, maintaining law and order
- preconventional
- concern on avoiding punishment and obtaining reward
- Convergent validity
- should correlate with related measures
- pragmatics
- the way meaning is conveyed
- permissive
- impose minimal or no controls on their children
- Systems perspective (of psychopathology)
- Roots of abnormality in the broader social context
- Genital
- freudian stage: 12+ years - mature sexuality and relationships
- sensory neurons
- transmit info from sensory receptors to brain (afferent)
- anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness
- five universal facial expressions of emotions
- Operations
- internalized (mental) actions a person can use to manipulate, transform, and then return an object to its original state
- structuralism
- Uncover basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine
- Parietal lobe
- touch, spatial orientation, nonverbal thinking
- sympathetic
- emergency, fight or flight
- experimental
- cognitive method
- authoritarian
- place a high value on obedience and respect for authority
- Fixed ratio
- every nth response
- Prefrontal cortex
- conscious control of info processing
- construct validity
- the degree to which a measure actually assesses what it claims to assess
- longitudinal (method)
- compares same group at multiple time points
- psychodynamic metaphor
- Awareness is like an iceberg; the small portion above the water is the conscious, the larger bit below the water is the unconscious
- internal locus
- our actions determine our fate
- Apraxia
- decline in motor skills
- pancreas
- releases insulin
- generalizability
- • Research studies take samples from a limited portion of the entire population
- MAOI, SSRI, TCA
- Three types of antidepressant medications
- Variable ratio
- the average is every nth response
- Ego
- hurt associate, but justify it on moral grounds, the self, reality principle
- three elements of attachment
- desire of the child to be physically close to caretaker, sense of security around caretaker, feelings of distress when caretaker is absent
- Frontal lobe
- part of brain associate with working memory, procedural memory, episodic memory
- M=100, SD=15
- Mean and Standard Deviation on standardized IQ scale
- touch, gestures, body language, vocal intonation, physical distance, facial expressions
- six types of nonverbal communication
- Secure
- child welcomes mother's return and seeks to be close to her
- Sensory representations
- Store info in a sensory mode (visual, auditory, tactile)
- Executive dysfunction
- can't plan, organize, sequence
- Conservation
- understanding that the basic properties of an object are constant even if the object changes shape
- Personality disorders
- chronic and severe disturbances that make it hard to live
- Harlow
- person who studied contact comfort
- ECT
- electroconvulsive shock therapy, used for extreme depression
- Specific (s-factors)
- specific abilities unique to certain tests or shared only by a subset of tests
- behaviorist metaphor
- humans and other animals are like machines
- Spacing effect
- superiority of memory for info rehearsed over longer intervals
- Wechsler
- Guy who developed standardized IQ scale
- cross-sectional (method)
- compares groups of different ages at the same time
- external locus
- external forces determine fate
- evolutionary metaphor
- we are all runners in a race competing for survival
- Sleep Stage 2
- bulk of sleep, 45%, sleep spindles (motor inhibition) and high amplitude k-complexes
- somatic/voluntary nervous system
- typically involved in intentional actions, but also handles things like posture and balance, transmits sensory info to the central nervous system and carries out motor commands
- Axon
- long extension from cell body, transmits info to other neurons
- Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
- Freud's psychosexual stages
- Discriminate validity
- should not correlate with unrelated measures
- Sensorimotor
- 0-2 years limited to sensory input, object permanence develops, egocentric
- authoritative
- enforce standards, but encourage verbal give-and-take
- evolutionary data
- often start with a known behavior in a species and attempt to explain it on the basis of evolutionary principles
- Thalamus
- shines a spotlight on important info and inhibits attention to irrelevant info
- Echoic memory
- momentary memory for auditory information
- Disorganized (attachment)
- child may approach mother, but doesn't really look at her, looks a little dazed
- Preoperational
- 2-7 years symbolic thoughts, language develops, object permanence firmly established
- TCA
- Tricyclic antidepressants, block reuptake of norepenephrine and serotonin
- internal validity
- type of validity: are the methods sound or flawed?
- Observational learning
- learning by observing the behavior of others
- Selective attention
- the ability to focus on one element amidst a constant flow of sensations
- pituitary
- master gland
- Iconic storage
- momentary memory for visual information
- perspective taking
- the ability to understand other people's viewpoints
- inferior colliculus
- reflexive orienting to auditory stimuli
- pons
- nerve fibers that connect the higher brain centers and spinal cord
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- involved in working memory and conscious decision making, and is activated when preparing to exert conscious control
- evolutionary method
- mostly deductive, some experimental
- Dopamine (DA)
- produced in the substantial nigra
- semantics
- words of a language and their meanings
- Anal
- 2-3 years - orderliness, cleanliness, control, compliance
- thyroid
- growth/metabolism, energy/mood
- case study, naturalistic observation, survey research
- three types of descriptive research
- Preconscious
- mental events that can be brought in to conscious awareness easily
- Modeling
- learn to reproduce behavior exhibited by a model
- Cattell and Horn
- people who developed the Gf-Gc theory
- Decay theory
- memory is like a fading neural trace that is weakened with disuse
- Sleep Stage 1
- slowing of waves, increase in theta waves, few minutes
- Phallic
- 4-6 years - parental identification (same sex), conscience, Oedipus complex, castration complex, penis envy
- Accommodation
- process by which old schemas are modified to fit reality
- Selective inattention
- Process by which important, but emotionally upsetting, info is ignored
- sequential study
- examines multiple cohorts longitudinally
- theory of mind
- ability to see other people's points of view (develops around age 4)