Block 2 PATH Exam -- Environmental Pathology Lecture
Terms
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- Steps of risk assessment
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1 -- Hazard identification
2 -- Dose-response assessment
3 -- Exposure assessment
4 -- Risk characterization - Effects of maternal smoking
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Adverse fetal development (strongest effects at weeks 20-36)
Increased incidence of SIDS - Types of Radiation
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Alpha (blocked by a piece of paper)
Beta (stopped by a layer of clothing)
Gamma (penetrates several feet of concrete, passes through organic tissue)
X-rays - % of radiation exposure due to medicine
- 15% (11% from X-rays, 4% from nuclear procedures)
- Symptoms of Arsenic exposure
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Skin lesions, peripheral neuropathy, anemia
Carcinogenic - Elemental Mercuy
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Inhaled
Affects CNS and kidney
Clearnance is Renal or GI
Causes Tremor - Inorganic Mercury
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Ingested or cutaneous exposure
Affects the kidney
Clearance is Renal or GI
Causes tremor, and erethism - Organic Mercury
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Ingested
Affects CNS, kidney, and liver
Clearance is Renal or GI
Causes paresthesias, ataxia, tremor, tunnel vision, dysarthria -
Effects of Cadmium
(Zinc substitute) -
Nephrotoxicity
OSTEOmalacia (accelerated collagen catabolism and bone demineralization) - Effects of Chromium
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Nasal/Skin ulcers
INSULIN RESISTANCE
Nephrotoxic - Effects of Aluminium
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Dialysis ENCEPHALOPATHY
Anemia
Osteodystrophy
Linked to ALZHEIMER's? - Effects of Iron
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HEPATOtoxicity
Ferritin release --> Vasodepression (SHOCK)
Iron poisoning - Stages of Iron Poisoning
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I - 0-6 h -- GI, CNS, CV, Hyperglycemia
II - 6-24 h -- CNS
III - 12-48 h -- GI, CNS, CV, Acidosis, Liver damage
IV - 4-6 wk -- GI - Effects of Zinc (essential element)
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Too much is 100 - 150 mg/day
Stomach cramps, N/V
Over time: anemia, PANCREAS damage, lower levels of HDL - Amphibole Asbestos
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Long, slender, brittle fibers
Inhaled
Become trapped in the lungs
Remember, risk of lung cancer 5x higher in smokers - Serpentine Asbestos
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Small fibers
90% of the world's asbestos
Are NOT deposited in the lungs - Acute Symptoms of Pesticide Exposure
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SLUDGE
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
GI distress
Emesis - Treatment for pesiticide exposure
- Pralidoxime, Oxygen, Atropine
- Pyrethroids
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Derivatives from crysanthemum used as pesticides
Most severe toxicity is to the CNS
May mimic organophosphate toxicity
Treatment is supportive
Vitamin E may stop paresthesias