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History 122 Ch 30

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ch 30 What was the National Environmental Policy Act?
It required the developers of public projects to file an environmental impact report.
ch 30 What is the Freedom of Information Act passed by Congress in 1974?
It gave citizens greater access to files federal agencies had amassed on them.
ch 30 Who founded the Moral Majority, a political pressure group that promoted Christian "family values" including- traditional gender roles, heterosexuality, family cohesion, and staunch anticommunism?
Jerry Falwell. It was one of the earliest New Right groups.
ch 30 Why did Nixon's proposed Family Assistance Plan flounder in the Senate?
conservatives attacked it for putting the federal govt too deeply into the welfare business, and liberals and social welfare activists opposed it for not going far enough. Welfare reform would remain a contentious political issue for the next 30 years.
ch 30 Why did Allan Bakke, a white man sue the University of California Medical School?
For rejecting him in favor of less qualified minority candidates. The Supreme Court ruling was inconclusive. Though it branded the medical school's strict quota system illegal and ordered Bakke admitted, it stated that racial factors could be considered in hiring and admission decisions, thus upholding the principle of affirmative action. The case was a setback for proponents of affirmative action and it prepared the way for subsequent efforts to eliminate those programs.
ch 30 Who leaked the so-called Pentagon Papers to the New York Times in 1971?
Daniel Ellsberg, a former Defense Dept. analyst.
ch 30 Nixon worked to scale down certain govt programs that he felt were inefficient. He reduced funding for most of the War on Poverty and dismantled the _______ ___ _________ _________ all together.
Office of Economic Opportunity
ch 30 What does OPEC stand for?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Middle eastern states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq and Venezuela were the source of more than 80% of the world's crude oil exports.
ch 30 A month after Ford was sworn in as President, he granted Nixon a full, free, and absolute pardon for all offenses he committed or may have committed during his presidency. Why did Ford do this?
Ford took that action to spare the country of the agony of rehashing Watergate in a criminal prosecution.
ch 30 In what ways was the Democratic party divided during the 1972 presidential election?
The party was divided over Vietnam, civil rights; and they were plagued by tensions between their newer, more liberal constituencies - women, minorities, and young adults - and the old-line officeholders and labor-union leaders who had always dominated the party. Nixon's campaign took full advantage of the Democrats' weaknesses.
ch 30 What magazine did Gloria Steinem and other journalists found in 1972?
Ms. Magazine. It was aimed at a feminist audience.
ch 30 Watergate was one of the great constitutional crises of the twentieth century. It was part of a broad pattern of illegality and misues of power that flourished in the crisis atmosphere of the Vietnam War. Describe more details of Watergate.
Watergate was a scandal that began with a break-in at the Democratic National Committee's headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex in D.C. Its origins were rooted in Nixon's ruthless political tactics, his secretive style of governing, and his obsession with the antiwar movement.
ch 30 In 1973 the National Gay Task Force launched a campaign to include gay men and lesbians as a protected group under laws covering what rights?
employment and housing
ch 30 In what way did Americans believe their rights had been slighted by the rights revolution?
Some Americans resented a federal govt that supported legal rights for criminals, protected women who sought abortions, or minorities who benefited from affirmative action.
ch 30 The Equal Credit Opportunity Act significantly improved ____________ access to credit.
Women's
ch 30 What were "right-to-work laws?
Laws that made it difficult to build strong labor unions
ch 30 Lawyer Phillis Schlafly lead the antifeminist backlash. She advocated traditional roles for women. Schlafly's STOP ERA organization claimed that the Equal Rights Amendment would do what?
Create a "unisex society" in which women could be drafted, homosexuals could be married, and separate toilets for men and women would be prohibited.
ch 30 In 1969 Nixon proposed a Family Assistance Plan that would provide a family of four a small but guaranteed annual income. The appeal of this proposal lay in its simplicity: it would eliminate:
the multiple layers of caseworkers, local and state officials, and federal employees who administered Aid to Families with Dependent Children
ch 30 American economic woes were most acute in the _______ _________, which entered a prolonged period of decline, or deindustrialization.
Industrial Sector
ch 30 What was the most disruptive issue of the 1970s?
The busing of children to achieve school desegregation. Progress in achieving the desegregation mandated by the Brown decision had been slow.
ch 30 The Watergate scandal moved into its final phase when the House of Representative's Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment against Nixon. What were they?
Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and acting to subvert the Constitution.
ch 30 Deregulation
The process of removing or limiting federal regulatory mechanisms, justified on the basis of promoting competition and streaming govt bureaucracy. President Carter began deregulation in the 1970s, starting with the airline, banking, and communications industries. The process continued under subsequent administrations.
ch 30 Why did Vice President Spiro Agnew resign in 1973?
He resigned under indictment for accepting kickbacks on construction contracts while governor of Maryland.
ch 30 The passage of Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972 broadened the 1962 Civil Rights Act to include what?
Educational institutions: Congress prohibited colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex, a change that particularly benefited women athletes.
ch 30 What issues plagued Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford?
Foreign-policy crises and continued economic woes.
ch 30 The decision in the court case ______ v. __________, overturned state laws against the sale of contraceptive devices to married adults, a law that was later extended to single adults.
Griswold v Connecticut
ch 30 What is the name of the largest welfare program?
Aid to families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
ch 30 Special Prosecutor
An attorney not employed by the govt, who is appointed by Congress or the Justice Dept. to investigate a federal official suspected of misconduct. Archibald Cox was the special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal.
ch 30 What Act restored 40 million acres to Eskimos, Aleuts, and other native peoples, along with $960 million in compensation?
The Native Land Claims Act. Most important, the federal govt abandoned the tribal termination program of the 1950s.
ch 30 Name some Supreme Court Justices appointed by Nixon.
Warren Burger, Chief Justice; Harry Blackman; Lewis F. Powell, Jr.; and William Rehnquist.
ch 30 In 1971 feminists pressured Congress to revive the _______ _________ Amendment.
Equal Rights
ch 30 What did Congress restore to tribes' with the passage of the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1974?
It restored their right to govern themselves and gave them authority over federal programs on their reservations.
ch 30 Why did many US firms relocate overseas?
Partly to take advantage of cheaper labor and production costs. By the end of the 1970s the hundred largest multinational corporations and banks were earning more than 1/3 of their overall profits abroad.
ch 30 What was Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"?
A powerful analysis of the impact of pesticides on the food chain.
ch 30 Stagflation
An economic condition that results when inflation and unemployment rise at the same time. This condition does not respond to traditional governmental remedies, such as deficit spending and tax reduction.
ch 30 In June 1973 Assistant Secretary of Commerce ____________ _____________ testified b4 the investigative committee confessing his guilt in the Watergate scandal and implicating former Atty General John Mitchell, White House counsel John Dean, and other. Dean implicated Nixon in the plot. Testimony from a Nixon aid revealed that Nixon had installed a secret taping system in the Oval Office.
Jeb Magruder
ch 30 Affirmative Action
Government mandates beginning in the 1970s that required unions, businesses and educational institutions to make a deliberate effort to achieve a better measure of racial and gender equality in their recruitment and hiring. While the civil rights movement had achieved significant legal and political victories, historic patterns of racial and gender discrimination proved difficult to overcome without the assistance of the govt.
ch 30 What was the "Rust Belt"?
Widespread plant closures in the industrial areas of the Midwest and Northeast.
ch 30 Hopes for Senate ratification of the SALT II treaty collapsed when the Soviets invaded ____________ in December 1979.
Afghanistan.
ch 30 What is the Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1974?
It limited campaign contributions and provided for stricter accountability and public financing of presidential campaigns. The act allowed an unlimited number of political action committees (PACs) to donate up to $5,000 per candidate. Corporations and lobbying groups found they could actually increase their influence by making multiple donations. PACs played a pivatol role in national elections.
ch 30 What was known as "CREEP"?
(Nixon's) Committee to Re-Elect the President. CREEP raised over $20 million (via illegal fund-raising), a portion of which was used to finance the plumbers' "dirty tricks", including the Watergate break-in.
ch 30 Americans' concerns about nuclear power, chemical contamination, and other environmental issues helped to turn environmentalism into a mass movement. What was the movement called?
Earth Day. The first earth day was held on 4/22/70, where millions of citizens gathered in communities across the country to express their concerns for the endangered plant.
ch 30 What Act did Nixon approve that toughened standards for auto emissions in order to reduce smog and air pollution?
Clean Air Act
ch 30 Who broke the Watergate story?
Woodward & Bernstein of the Washington Post.
ch 30 What was the result of the Supreme Court case of Milliken v. Bradley?
Ordered cities with deeply ingrained patterns of residential segregation to use busing of black and white students from segregated neighborhoods to nonneighborhood schools to integrate their classrooms. The decision sparked intense and sometimes violent opposition.
ch 30 After decades of inertia, the consumer movement reemerged in the 1960s under the leadership of _________ ______________, whose "Unsafe at Any Speed" attacked General Motors for putting style ahead of safe handling and fuel economy in its engineering of the Chevy Corvair.
Ralph Nader
ch 30 For spiritual support some young people embraced the self-help techniques of the human-potential, or New Age; Others turned to alternative religious groups such as
Hare Krishna, the Church of Scientology, and the Unification Church of Reverend Sun Myung Moon.
ch 30 Describe the "neoconservatives".
intellectuals who criticized affirmative action, the welfare state, and changing gender and sexual values; they helped to give conservative values a heightened respectability.
ch 30 By the mid 1970s, the women's rights movement began to weaken. Increasingly its members were divided by issues of race, class, age, and ______ _________.
sexual orientation
ch 30 What were the Pentagon Papers?
A secret study, commissioned by Secretary of Defense McNamara in 1967, that detailed many American blunders in the Vietnam war.
ch 30 The establishment of the federal Consumer Products Safety Commission in 1972 reflected the growing importance of ______ _______ in American life.
consumer protection
ch 30 What was the "rights revolution"?
The wide-ranging movement in the 1960s and 1970s to bring issues of social justice and welfare to the forefront of public policy.
ch 30 ____________ ____________ joined social welfare, defense, and national security as areas of federal intervention.
Environmental protection
ch 30 New Right
Conservative political movement that achieved considerable success beginning in the 1970s, helping to elect Ronald Reagan president in 1980 and enabling the Republican Party to retake both houses of Congress in the 1994 elections.
ch 30 Ralph Nader's _______ ________ __________ ________ became the model for other groups that later emerged to combat the health hazards of smoking, unethical insurance and credit practices, and other consumer problems
Public Interest Research Group
ch 30 Describe the Roe v Wade Supreme Court case.
According to this decision, states could no longer outlaw abortions performed during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court struck down Texas and Georgia statutes that allowed an abortion only if the mother's life was in danger. The case nationalized the liberalization of state abortion laws and fueled the development of a powerful anti-abortion movement
ch 30 In 1978 California voters passed Proposition 13. What was it?
A measure that reduced property taxes and eventually undercut local governments' ability to maintain schools and other essential services. Promising tax relief to middle-class home owners and reduced funding for busing and other programs to benefit the poor, Proposition 13 became the model for similar tax measures around the country in the late 1970s and the 1980s.
ch 30 Public fears of nuclear energy were confirmed when a nuclear plant at ______ ______ _____ near Harrisburg, PA, came critically close to a meltdown of its central core reactor. Activism, combined with fear of the potential danger s of nuclear energy, convinced many utility companies to abandon nuclear power.
Three Mile Island
ch 30 In 1971 why did the dollar drop to its lowest level on the world market since 1949?
Due to a steadily growing federal deficit and spiraling inflation - coupled with a reduced demand for American goods, the value of the dollar dropped, and the US posted its first trade deficit in almost a century.
ch 30 Women were increasingly visible in politics and public life. The National Women's Political Caucus actively promoted the election of women to public office. Who were some of their success stories?
Shirley Chisholm, Patricia Schroeder, and Geraldine Ferraro - all of whom served in Congress; and Ella T. Grasso, who was elected governor of Connecticut.
ch 30 __________ _________ became the subject of citizen action in the 1970s, when rising prices and oil shortages led to the expansion of nuclear power, pitting environmental concerns against the need for alternative energy sources.
Nuclear energy
ch 30 Who were the "plumbers"?
a clandestine intelligence group that was supposed to plug leaks of government information. They relied on tactics such as using the IRS to harass the administration's opponents.
ch 30 Why did OPEC institute an oil embargo against the US?
Because the US aided Israel with arms and funds during the Yom Kippur War. The embargo lasted 6 months and forced Americans to curtail their driving or spend long hours in line at the pumps; gas prices climbed 40%.
ch 30 Which US President was not elected by the people?
Gerald Ford
ch 30 List some negative issues that plagued Gerald Ford's presidency:
He failed to establish his legitimacy as president; Ford's pardon of Nixon hurt his credibility as a political leader; Ford lacked leadership in foreign policy; but an even bigger problem was his handling of the economy, which was reeling from inflation. Though many of the nation's economic problems were beyond the president's control, Ford's failure to take more vigorous action made him appear timid and powerless.
ch 30 Entitlement Programs
Govt programs that provide financial benefits to which recipients are entitled by law. Examples include Social Security, Medicare, unemployment compensation, and agricultural price supports.
ch 30 What was Nixon's 1972 revenue-sharing program?
It distributed a portion of federal tax revenues to the states as block grants to be spent as officials saw fit. In later years revenue sharing would become a key Republican strategy for reducing federal social programs and federal bureaucracy.

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