Foundations Ch.3
Terms
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- heterozygous
- describing inheritance of a trait to which each parent has contributed a different copy of the gene
- homozygous
- describing inheritance of a trait to which both parents contributed identical copies of the gene
- evocative G-E correlation
- situation in which the child's genotype draws responses from others
- range of reaction
- the range of possibilities of phenotypic variation displayed in response to different environments
- Autosomes
- the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, which account for most of the body's cells
- ultrasound
- a procedure used to identify some developmental poblems, in which video images of the fetus and the fetus's internal organs are produced from the echoes of sound waves
- amniocentesis
- a procedure used to determine whether genetic defects are present, in which amniotic fluid is collected and fetal cells are genetically tested
- Gene-environment interactions
- genetic sensitivity to particular environmental factors
- carriers
- people who are heterozygous for a recessive disorder
- Sex Chromosomes
- the 23rd pair of chromosomes, which accounts for aperson's sex
- Phenotype
- the outward expression of the genotype
- Genome
- a person's complete set of DNA
- canalized
- genetically limited phenotypic variation
- active G-E correlation
- situation in which the child seeks out environments compatible with his or her genotype
- DNA
- a double helix consisting of two backbones, like a twisted ladder, whose rungs are made up of chemical combinations; the basis of chromosomes
- alleles
- different forms of each gene
- ovum
- a human egg
- balanced polymorphism
- a kind of genetic diversity in which the genes that cause diseases provide certain genetic advantages as well as disadvantages
- Genotype
- a person's genetic code
- spermatozoa
- mature spermatids that are fully functional and capable of fertilizing a human ovum
- Meiois
- the process of cell replication undergone by ova and sperm; involves one duplication and one division of chromosomes, resulting in cells with a full set of genetic material, which undergo another division so that the final four cells each contain half the complement of chromosomes
- Karyotype
- a photograph of chromosomes, used by geneticists to align each chromosome with the other member of its pair.
- regulator genes
- genes that control the expression of other genes
- genetic imprinting
- situation in which gene expresion depends on the origins of the genes
- Gametes
- the sex cell (ova and sperm)
- dominant gene
- a gene whose code is expressed when only one copy of the gene is present
- Mitosis
- a type of cell division that gives rise to two daughter cells, each with identical chromosomes and genotypes; involves one duplication of chromosomes and one cell division
- spermatogenesis
- the process by which sperm develop
- fragile X syndrome
- a condition passd on by sex-linked transmission characterized by protruding ears, prominent jaw, unusual speech, poor eye contact, ad mild to moderate retardation
- recessive gene
- a gene whose code is not expressed in the presence of a dominant gene
- Chromosomes
- the structures on which genes reside
- Genes
- the portion of DNA that encodes specific genetic information
- chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- a procedure use to assess genetic material in fetal cells, in which cells are removed from the projections on the chorionic membrane
- passive G-E correlation
- situation in which parents provide a rearing environment that matches the child's own genotype
- polygenic transmission
- combined effect of multiple genes