UBC Bio 112
Terms
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- RNA Polymerase
- enzyme that copies one strand of a gene into mRNA
- Wild type
- (+) typical form of the cell, organism, gene, protein, or characteristic as it occurs in nature
- Translation
- ribosome binds to the mRNA and reads the information contained in the nuceotide sequence of mRNA. tRNA containing amino acids enter the ribosome in a binding site (A Site. Once correctly bound, the ribosome can add the amino acid on the tRNA to the growing protein chain.
- Genotype
- nucleotide sequence that an specifies the potential characteristics of an organism
- DNA
- Double stranded, synthesized from 3' end
- operon
- genes clustered together on chromosomes thats specify multiple proteins that are involved in similar processes
- obligate anaerobe
- killed by O2. Uses S, SO4, or CO2 as TEA
- mutant
- (-) a organism with a mutation that changes it from wild type. These mutations could be positive or negative
- Heterotrophs
- Carbon source is organic (other organisims, organic waste)
- Obligate Anerobe
- Requires O2 as a TEA. can synthesize SOD and Catalase
- Phenotype
- Physical features and functional traits of cell or organism
- ribonuclease
- Enzymes that degrade mRNA
- 5'
- designated by the phosphate being closer to the end than the sugar
- mRNA
- stable RNA. Reads in the 5' to 3' direction.1) Starts with UTR 2) 5-9 spacer bp, 3) initiation or start codon (AUG) 4) sequence of nucleotides divisible by 3 5) stop codon 6) 3' UTR
- RNA
- Nucleic acids AGCU bonded with Hbonds
- down promoter mutation
- causes RNA to bind more loosly to the promoter causing the enzyme to initiate transcription less frequently leading to decreased production of mRNA therefore creating fewer protein
- endonuclease
- enzymes that break the sugar phosphate backbone internally somewhere along the length of mRNA
- RNA
- Single stranded
- anoxygenic photoautotrophs
- use light as an energy source but do not produce O2. Only use light as energy source in absence of O2 because O2 inhibits the synthesis of the pigments required to grow photosynthetically
- Semi-Conservative
- in DNA replication, both strands serve as templates for synthesizing a new strand so each new daughter chromosome of DNA prossesses one preexisting strand derived from the parent cell and one newly synthesized strand
- Base pairing substitution mutation
- involve a change in one nucleotide pair substituting another for DNA
- Central Dogma
- DNA > mRNA > Protein
- Oxygenic photoautotrophs
- produce O2 as a waste product so they are able to use light as an energy source in the presence of O2
- Autotroph
- Carbon Source is CO2. able to survive in completely inorganic surroundings
- Organismal inheritance in Bacteria
- A change inthe DNA of a parent cell will (as long as it's not lethal) always be passed down.
- Facultative Anerobe
- Can grow anaerobically and aerobically. can synthesize SOD and Catalase
- DNA Polymerase
- enzyme that performs complementary nucleic acid synthesizing by reading a DNA template in 3'-5' direction and polymerizing nucleotides to form a new stand that grows in the 5'-3'direction
- Electron Source
- donates electrons to other molecules for biosynthisis; the electrons extracted from molecules being used as the electron source are stored in NADPH which subsequently donates the electrons to biosynthetic reactions
- Mutations in DNA replication
- may involve small changes (1-2 nucleotides), may involve change in one base pair resulting from base pair substitutions (point mutations) during replication. may occur from insertion or deletion or 1 or 2 nucleotides during replication
- Organismal inheritance in Humans and Plants
- unless the DNA of the sperm/egg/seed is effected, mutation will not be passed down.
- exonuclease
- enzymes that break the sugar phosphate backbone beginning at one of the ends and 'chewing' sequentially pt the other end
- Cellular inheritance
- if the mutaton is lethal to the cell, it will not be inherited
- nucleic acid
- composed of base: A-T/U, G-C, Phosphate group, 2-dexyribose sugar. Used in RNA and DNA
- Transcription Termination
- Rho Independent - requires GC rich inverted repeat of about 9bp to form stem loop followed by a stretch of U's. termination occurs within this stream of U's. U's for weak bonds with A's so the rNA is released. RhoDependent - terminator consists of a large stem loops followed by a stretch of several nucleotides. the model for termination states that rho bind the RNA and travels down it. As RNA polymerase forms the stem loop structure, it slows of pauses, allowing rho to catch up and effect termination
- energy source
- donates e- to an electron acceptor in a reaction that releases energy ;the energy thus extracted from molecules being used as an energy source is conserve, usually as ATP
- SOD
- Superoxide dismutase - enzyme that destroys the superoxide anion
- Transcription
- RNA polymerase binds to DNA and 'scans' the nucleotide sequence for a promoter. Once the sigma factor has located the promoter, the polymerase opens up the double helix and forms complementary base-pairing with one DNA strand.
- gene expression
- the process of transcribing the nucleotide sequence of one strand of a gene (DNA) int oa nucleotide sequence of mRNA and the ntranslating the info in the nucleotide of mRNA to the sequence of amino acids
- Prion
- an Infectious protien
- Consensus Sequence
- sequence of nucleotides or amino acids in common between regions of homology in different but related DNA or RNA or protein sequences
- Amino Acids
- Composed of carboxyl group (c), amino group (n), side chain (r). All are bonded to central C-Atom.
- Ribosome
- Used in Translation. made up of two substructures: the larger is where amino acids are added to the protein chain. The small subunit is where the mRNA binds and is decoded. each subunit is made of both protein and RNA
- Aerotolerant Anarobe
- Can SOD. does not use TEA
- Initiation of Translation
- rRNA of the small ribosomal subunit binds to a complementary sequence in the MRNAin the ribosome-binding sequence(rbs) which takes place in the mRNA The start codon (usually AUG) is about 5-9 nucleotides downstream from the rbs. tRNA carrying methionine binds to the start codon and the large ribosome subunit binds and completes the assembly of the ribosome.
- Mutations due to changes in base sequencing of existing DNA result from
- 1) Imperfections during DNA replication 2) damage to DNA by environmental chemicals and radiation 3) recombination/gene transfer
- transcription promoter
- region of the gene where RNA polymerase initially binds to DNA to initiate transcription
- Gene
- Units of genetic information composed of DNA
- up promoter mutation
- causes RNA to bind more tightly to the promoter causing the enzyme to initiate transcription more frequently leading to increased production of mRNA therefore creating more protein
- Proteins
- Composed of Amino Acids
- DNA Bases
- Nucleic acids AGCT bonded with Hbonds
- 3'
- designated by the sugar being closer to the end than the phosphate
- UTR
- Untranslated region
- Catalase
- enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide